Which type of food is the mainstay of the traditional diet of China's residents?

The traditional Chinese diet is favored for its long history, rich cultural connotations, and rooted in the culture of Chinese folk travel.

The traditional dietary structure has a wide variety of sex, the main and subordinate and matching, not only adapted to the organization of the human digestive tract, in line with the human physiology of the overall nutritional needs, contributing to the health of human beings and the reproduction of races, but also able to a greater extent to rationally use the existing natural resources of agriculture and improve the efficiency of food resources. However, the traditional dietary structure is not perfect, we can not be blindly optimistic, should be objective, scientific view and improve and perfect, to improve the overall health of the nation.

1 Comparison with other dietary structure patterns in the world

There are three famous dietary structure patterns*** in the world, which are the Western, Eastern and Mediterranean dietary structure patterns. The various foods consumed by these three dietary structures are shown in Table 1.

1.1 Western Dietary Structure

In the dietary structure represented by the developed Western countries, there are too few cereals and grains, while animal foods and sugar account for a larger proportion, thus the dietary nutrition is characterized by the "three-high" dietary nutrition with high calorie, high fat (cholesterol), and high protein. "The advantage of this dietary structure is that it is characterized by high calories, high fat (cholesterol) and high protein. The advantage of this dietary structure is that animal food occupies a large proportion of high-quality proteins in the dietary structure of a high proportion, while the inorganic salts contained in animal food generally higher utilization rate, fat-soluble vitamins and B vitamins content is also higher. The disadvantage is that too much sugar, excess calorie supply, and excess calories is an important factor in the prevalence of "affluent" diseases.

1.2 Oriental dietary structure

The Oriental dietary structure represented by our country is based on plant foods, supplemented by animal foods, and the food is not finely processed. Its advantages:

①Dietary structure is based on cereals. Due to the high content of carbohydrates in cereals, carbohydrates are the most economical and major source of calories.

②The abundance of vegetables and the intake of coarse grains make people consume a large amount of dietary fiber, so the incidence of digestive diseases and intestinal cancer is extremely low.

③The intake of beans and soy products supplements a portion of high-quality protein and calcium.

④ Drinking tea, eating fruits and less sweets reduces the excessive intake of sugar.

⑤ Rich seasonings, such as onion, ginger, garlic, chili pepper, vinegar, etc., have many functions, such as sterilizing, lowering fat, increasing appetite, and helping digestion.

Inadequate:

①Inadequate intake of milk and milk products. Milk has high nutritional value and is the best source of calcium.

②Lack of lean beef, lean lamb, fish and other animal foods, resulting in insufficient intake of high-quality protein.

3 salt intake is too high. China's residents per person per day salt intake of an average of 13.5g, which is too far from the World Health Organization in the recommendations on the prevention and treatment of hypertension, coronary heart disease per person per day salt intake of less than 6g of the standard. Excessive consumption of white wine.

1.3 Mediterranean dietary structure

Related studies and statistical reports show that the Mediterranean coastal countries represented by Greece (including 14 countries such as Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, etc.) have the lowest incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and cancer, and the lowest mortality rate, and the average life expectancy is even higher than that of the West by 17%. Its dietary structure is characterized by:

(1) Mediterranean mode to use olive oil as the main, because this fat has to lower the body's low-density lipoprotein, elevate the function of high-density lipoprotein, but also has to enhance the cardiovascular function and antioxidant, anti-tissue aging effect.

(2) The Mediterranean animal protein is most abundant in fish, which is currently considered to be the high-level protein in protein, followed by beef, chicken and so on. The plant proteins in the beans also have a variety of benefits to the human body, the Mediterranean pattern of legume intake is higher than the Eastern dietary structure of nearly two times.

(3) Among carbohydrates, although vegetable intake is higher in the East, the total amount of fruits and potatoes plus vegetables in the Mediterranean pattern is much higher than in the Eastern dietary pattern.

(4) Alcohol consumption is higher in the Mediterranean pattern than in the East and the West, but red wine predominates. Wine will be brewed in the brewing of the skin and seeds together, it has been proved that drinking wine has a variety of effects of lowering fat, lowering blood sugar, strengthening the heart, anti-aging.

From the above comparison, we basically see that the Mediterranean model is the best of the three dietary patterns, and the Eastern dietary structure is better than the Western.

2 China's dietary structure of regional differences and urban-rural differences

Due to China's vast territory, urban and rural areas and economic income differences, it is inevitable that the dietary structure of regional differences and urban-rural differences.

Tables 2 and 3 show that the consumption of cereals and roots and tubers in rural areas is significantly higher than that in urban areas; whereas the consumption of animal food, sugar, nuts and oilseeds, vegetables and fruits is much lower than that in urban areas. The average consumption of cereals per standard person-day in the highest-income urban populations of Guangdong Province, Shanghai and Beijing is less than 400g, and that of animal foods is more than 200g, with the energy provided by fat exceeding 30% of dietary energy. A lot of research work has proved that this dietary development will increase the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases in the population.

3 Changes in the dietary structure of the Chinese people

In recent years, the dietary structure of the Chinese population has undergone great changes, China in 1959, 1982, 1992, 2002, respectively, conducted four national residents of the nutritional health surveys. 2005, late July, China for the first time issued a series of reports on the nutritional diet of the Chinese population and nutritional status of the changes.

The report shows that the nutritional dietary status of China's residents has changed significantly, from 1961 to 2000, the world's per capita intake of meat has increased by two times, while China has increased by ten times! In 1992, the proportion of energy provided by meat for the country's people was 15.2%, and in 2002 it was 19.2%. The daily per capita consumption of fruits by urban residents has dropped from more than 80g in 1992 to less than 70g in 2002, and the per capita consumption of vegetables has dropped from 319.3g to 251.9g. It is already far away from the recommended standard of the Dietary Structure Pyramid, i.e., consumption of fruits is 100-200g, and that of vegetables is 400-500g. Cereal food consumption showed a clear downward trend, from 593.8g in 1992 to 471.5g in 2002; legumes and milk consumption showed an upward trend, respectively, from 8.1g and 14.9g to 11.8g and 26.3g, but there is still a certain gap between the recommended standards of 36g and 45g by the Nutrition Society. Residents of salt and soy sauce intake slightly downward trend, the city close to the recommended 2000 dietary goals, daily intake of salt 10.9g, the north, especially in rural areas are between 13 to 16g, higher than the recommended dietary standards 6g per day. at the same time, the residents of a variety of "rich disease" is clearly rising, high blood fat, Hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes and so on increasing year by year. That is to say, the residents of the dietary nutrition structure is obviously optimized, but there are some bad tendencies.

4 Establishment of a scientific dietary structure

Chinese people at this stage is mainly plant foods, animal foods as a supplement, that is, grain, beans and vegetables as the main food, meat, eggs and milk for the auxiliary food of the Oriental-type dietary patterns. This dietary structure pattern exists in the lack of animal food, protein quality is not high, certain trace elements and vitamins are insufficient shortcomings. One of the most prominent shortcomings is the lack of calcium. For this reason, China has done a great deal of work in dietary structure adjustment.

China since the 1990s, the successive launch of China's nutritional improvement action plan, the national soybean action plan, primary and secondary school soybean milk program, students drinking milk program and other nutritional programs, but there are still some problems, did not play the actual effect should be. At a time when China is building a moderately prosperous society, efforts are being made to enact nutrition legislation. China Nutrition Society in 2004, "during the two sessions" recommended that the National People's Congress first formulate "China Nutrition Improvement Act", the content of the legislation, including the purpose of the regulations, the nutritional status of the population and monitoring, nutritional education of the population and nutritionist staffing as well as interventions, so that the diet of the people of the country to achieve the optimization of the structure of the diet, dietary balance, nutritional comprehensiveness, hygiene and safety requirements. The government is also working to improve the nutritional status and monitoring of the nutritional status of the population.

China's various organizations have successively issued a series of dietary programs. on April 10, 1997, the Executive Council of the Chinese Nutrition Society discussed and adopted the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents. It includes 8 content, namely ① food variety, cereal-based; ② eat more vegetables, fruits and potatoes; ③ eat milk, beans or their products every day; ④ often eat the right amount of fish, poultry, eggs, lean meat, less fat and meat and oil; ⑤ amount of food and physical activity should be balanced to maintain the right weight; ⑥ eat light, less salty meals; ⑦ such as alcohol should be in moderation; ⑧ eat clean and hygienic, do not deteriorate the food. According to the above 8 content implementation can achieve a balanced diet, rational nutrition and health promotion purposes.

In summary, the so-called scientific diet is beneficial to the physical and mental health of the diet, according to the Chinese metabolism and dietary structure of the characteristics of the original dietary structure should be based on an increase in high-quality animal proteins, such as fish, lean beef, goose, duck, etc., to increase the amount of soybean and dairy products intake, reduce salt, pork and alcohol intake. To summarize the dietary principles are more food varieties, less quantity, meat and vegetarian, coarse and fine, dry and thin, salty and sweet, oil and fat, soft and hard. In addition, it is recommended that the relevant departments should formulate relevant nutritional policies, strengthen publicity, education and categorization of guidance, and enhance the residents' awareness of self-care. And regularly carry out monitoring of nutrition and health status of the population, in order to establish a more reasonable dietary structure, improve the quality of life of the people to provide guidance and basis.