The Evolution of China's Cognition of Color

Achromatic color system refers to white, black and various shades of gray formed by the mixture of white and black. The achromatic colors can be arranged into a series according to certain changing rules, from white to light gray, medium gray, dark gray to black, which is called black and white series in colorimetry. The change of black-and-white series from white to black can be represented by a vertical axis, with one end being white, one end being black, and various transitional grays in the middle. Pure white is an ideal completely reflecting object, and pure black is an ideal completely absorbing object. However, there are no pure white and pure black objects in real life. Zinc white and lead white used for pigments can only be close to pure white, and coal black can only be close to pure black. The color of achromatic color color system has only one basic attribute-lightness. They do not have the properties of hue and purity, that is, their hue and purity are theoretically equal to zero. The lightness of a color can be expressed in black and white, and the closer it is to white, the higher the lightness; The closer to black, the lower the brightness. Black and white, as pigments, can adjust the reflectivity of the object color, so that the object color can increase brightness or decrease brightness.

Black and white ash

Colored system

Color refers to red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue, purple and other colors. Red, orange, yellow, green, blue and purple tones with different lightness and purity belong to the color system. Color is determined by the frequency and amplitude of light, frequency determines hue, and amplitude determines light intensity.

basic feature

Colored colors have three basic characteristics: hue, purity (also called chroma and saturation) and lightness. In chromatics, it is also called elements of color or three attributes of color. [ 1]

Color circle, hue, cold and warm, lightness, contrast

colour

Hue is the biggest feature of color. Hue refers to the name that can express a certain color more accurately. For example, rose red, orange yellow, lemon yellow, cobalt blue, ultramarine, emerald green ... As far as optical physics is concerned, various colors are determined by the spectral composition of light entering the human eye. For monochromatic light, the appearance of hue depends entirely on the frequency of light; For mixed color light, it depends on the relative amount of light of various frequencies. The color of an object is determined by the spectral composition of the light source and the reflection (or transmission) characteristics of the object surface.

purely

The purity of color refers to the purity of color, indicating the proportion of color components contained in color. The greater the proportion of color components, the higher the color purity, and the smaller the proportion of color components, the lower the color purity. Monochromatic light in the visible spectrum is the purest color, which is the ultimate purity. When a color is mixed with black, white or other colors, the purity will change. When the added color reaches a large proportion, in the eyes, the original color will lose its original luster and become mixed color. Of course, this is not to say that there is no original pigment in this mixed color, but that the original pigment is assimilated by a large number of other colors, and people's eyes can no longer feel it.

The color purity of colored objects is related to the surface structure of the objects. If the surface of the object is rough, its diffuse reflection will reduce the purity of the color; If the surface of an object is smooth, total reflection will make the color brighter.

light

Brightness refers to the brightness of a color. Various colored objects produce the intensity of color because of the different reflected light. There are two kinds of lightness of color: one is that the same hue has different lightness. Just like the same color appears bright in strong light and gray and fuzzy in weak light; Adding black or white to the same color can also produce various levels of light and shade. The second is that the lightness of various colors is different. Each solid color has its corresponding lightness. White has the highest brightness, black has the lowest brightness, and the brightness of red, gray, green and blue is in the middle. The brightness change of color often affects the purity. For example, when red is added with black, the brightness decreases and the purity decreases. If red is added with white, the brightness will increase, but the purity will decrease.

Hue, purity and lightness of color are inseparable, and these three factors must be considered at the same time in application.

International color system

There are three international standard color systems commonly used in the world, namely:

PCCS system of Japan research institute

PCCS (Practical Color Coordinate System) color system is developed by Japan Color Research Institute, and hue series is based on its color organization system. Its greatest feature is to combine the three attributes of color with the concepts of hue and hue to form a series of hues. Based on the concept of hue, the plane shows the relationship between lightness and purity of each hue, and clearly analyzes the component content of lightness and purity of the prominent phase from the position of each hue in the hue series.

Mancel in the United States.

Maunsel color system invented by American artist A. Munsell in 1898 is another commonly used color measurement system. Munsell aims to create a "reasonable way to describe colors", and the decimal counting method adopted is superior to the color naming method. 1905, he published a book on color numbering, which was reprinted many times and is still used as the standard of colorimetry.

The model of the lush system is a sphere with a belt on the equator. The lightness of the ball axis is neutral gray, the north pole is white, and the south pole is black. Extending from the axis of the sphere in the horizontal direction are different levels of brightness changes, from neutral gray to complete saturation. Using these three factors to judge colors can define thousands of colors in all directions. Maosheng named these three factors (or quality) as hue, lightness and chroma.

German ostwald.

Based on the four physiological primary colors of herring, namely yellow, ultramarine, red and sea green, the three-dimensional color circle of ostwald color consists of four complementary color pairs. Then, four phases of orange, turquoise, purple and leafy green are added in the middle of the two colors, making a total of eight tones, and then each tone is divided into three tones to form a color ring with 24 tones. Tone order is yellow, orange, red, purple, blue, turquoise, green and yellow-green. Take two opposite colors on the color ring and turn gray on the turntable, then these two opposite colors are complementary colors. And 24 triangles with the same hue are arranged into a complex cone according to the order of color rings, which is the ostwald color solid.

China's Color System

China applied color system is the national standard in the field of applied color in China, which is formulated by China Textile Information Center (CTIC). According to the theory of visual isochromatism, COLORO edits colors in the way of human eyes. COLORO color system is based on such a 3D model. The whole system consists of 65,438+060 tones, 65,438+000 lightness levels and 65,438+000 chroma levels. Three colors are isomorphic to construct a color model, which can define 654.38+0.6 million potential colors, and the visual color difference is uniform.