What are the architectural forms and styles of classical gardens in China?

The architectural forms and styles of classical gardens in China are very distinctive. Rather critical, we can see the ideas and details of the ancients from the architectural forms and styles. Zhong Da Consulting will introduce you to the architectural forms and styles of classical gardens in China.

China's classical gardens are self-contained and have their own unique style. The far-reaching influence of feudal Confucianism and religious thoughts on China gardens.

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The duality of use and landscaping, viewing and being watched, garden architecture should not only meet the requirements of various garden activities and use, but also become one of the landscape of the garden; It is not only a material product, but also a work of art. But garden architecture gives people more spiritual feelings. Therefore, art requires more, not only ornamental value, but also poetic.

Garden architecture is a building that is fully integrated with garden environment and natural scenery, and it can make maximum use of the favorable conditions of natural terrain and environment. Any architectural design should consider the environment, especially garden architecture. The proportion and weight of architecture in the environment should be determined according to the requirements of environmental composition, and the environment is the starting point of architectural creation.

China classical gardens generally take the natural landscape as the theme of landscape composition, and the buildings are only set up for viewing and embellishing the landscape. Garden architecture is a man-made factor, which seems to be contrary to natural factors, but if handled properly, it can also be unified, which can add interest and charm to the natural environment. Landscape architecture is only a harmonious and organic part of the overall environment, and its responsibility can only be to highlight the beauty of nature and increase the beauty of the natural environment. This highly unified natural beauty and artificial beauty is the realm that China people are constantly pursuing in garden art.

Architecture is an important part of eastern and western gardens, because it is necessary to satisfy people to enjoy life and enjoy the scenery. In western gardens, such as French classical gardens, Italian manors, mansions and palaces are often arranged centrally, with two or three floors overlooking the national scenery. In order to meet the requirements of feasibility, observability, habitability and tourism of China gardens, it is necessary to configure corresponding buildings such as corridors, pavilions, halls, pavilions and pavilions. From the development history of our country, the density of buildings in gardens is getting higher and higher, and the living atmosphere is getting stronger and stronger. Of course, architecture is not simply set as a life demand, it is also an integral part of the landscape for people to enjoy and integrate into the natural scenery of the garden. If the natural scenery is properly decorated with artificial buildings, it can show a look and charm and add color to the landscape.

First, the characteristics of classical garden architecture

First of all, the combination of architecture and environment should be adapted to local conditions, and strive to combine with the topography, landforms and landforms of the base site to make the overall layout conform to the situation and make full use of natural landforms.

Second, the size of the building is less than or greater than. Because the natural landscape, landscape-oriented, architecture from. Compared with nature, the relative volume and absolute scale of buildings and the proportion of scenery composition are very small.

Another requirement is that landscape architecture should be vivid and diverse in plane layout and space treatment. In the design, the scrutiny of the spatial sequence of landscape architecture and the organization of landscape route are particularly prominent. The intersection of the interior and exterior space of the building is often the most attractive place, and it is also often the place where people's feelings transfer. The mutual transformation between virtual and real, bright and dark, artificial and nature is often carried out in this part. Conversely, too much space is also important. The landscape architecture in China often takes the form of floor-to-ceiling windows, empty corridors and open pavilions as the link of this blending. This semi-indoor and semi-outdoor space transition is gradual, a natural and harmonious change, and a gentle blend.

In order to solve the problem of combining with the natural environment, China landscape architecture should also consider the natural climate and seasonal factors. Therefore, the gardens in China have their own characteristics. For example, there is a Yuanyang Hall in Jiangnan Garden, which is the best combination of natural climate and season. Its architecture is divided into two parts, one facing north and the other facing south, which are suitable for winter and summer activities respectively.

In a word, landscape architecture design should consider architecture as a landscape element, so that it can be integrated with the surrounding mountains, rivers, stones and trees. Together, form a beautiful scenery. And landscape is the main body, and architecture is a part of it.

Second, the form of classical garden architecture in China

A covered passage is called a corridor. The promenade is long and narrow, curved and empty, and is used to connect scenic spots with scenic spots. It is a kind of architecture with both "leading" and "ornamental". Narrow and smooth can promote people's sense of expectation and quest, and can achieve the purpose of "fascinating"; You can enjoy the ever-changing scenery in the curved air, because you can move from one place to another. In addition, the colonnade also plays a role in framing the landscape.

Pavilion is the most common building in gardens. Mainly for people to rest and enjoy the scenery, but also as a scenic spot. The pavilion can be built on the bridge by the roadside, regardless of the mountain. The forms of exhibition halls are ever-changing. According to the plane shape, there are three common pavilions: triangular pavilion, square pavilion, round pavilion, rectangular pavilion and octagonal pavilion. According to the roof form, there are electric pavilions and inclined mountain pavilions. According to the location, there are bridge pavilions, road pavilions, well pavilions and gallery pavilions. In short, it can leave the imagination and creativity of the gardener to enrich its shape and add beauty to the garden at the same time.

The hall is often a closed courtyard layout with only doors and windows on the front, which is the residence of the garden owner. Generally speaking, different halls have different functions, some are used to receive visitors, some are used to entertain and watch plays, and some are study rooms. Therefore, the function of each museum depends on the specific situation and is different from each other.

Hall is the most important building in private gardens. It is often the layout center of the whole park, the essence of the whole park, and the gathering place of many scenes. Usually, this hall always faces south. Looking from the hall to the north, it is the most important landscape of the whole mountain, usually consisting of pools and overlapping mountains in the north of the pools. The viewing face faces south, so that the main scene is changeable and the scenery is clear under the sunlight. The main hall and Dieshan are separated from each other in the north and south, swaying relatively, while man-made and nature set each other off. The function of the hall is mostly used for parties, banquets and scenery appreciation, which integrates multiple functions. Therefore, the characteristics of the hall are: tall, spacious, beautifully decorated and richly furnished. Generally, doors and windows are opened in front, back or left and right, so you can enjoy the beautiful scenery outside the park in the hall. There are also four halls and Yuanyang Hall, and the main hall is mostly four halls. For the convenience of viewing, there is often no closed wall around, but a large area of partitions, floor-to-ceiling windows and cloisters. Yuanyang Hall divides the room into two parts with screens or curtains, and it is divided into two parts, and the decoration and furnishings before and after are also unique. The advantage of Yuanyang Hall is that one hall can be used for two purposes. For example, it can be used to entertain guests after the celebration, or it can be used to entertain guests and sit with the seasons. In addition, most of the flower halls and fish viewing halls are built by the water, and generally there is a platform in front for viewers to choose their goals freely and enjoy themselves.

Pavilions and pavilions are often built on the water and next to flowers to form a scene. Pavilions and pavilions are small and exquisite open buildings with simple and elegant interior decoration. They are the best scenic spots in the tourist routes, and they are also one of the most moving architectural forms that constitute the scenic spots.

The pavilion is the tallest building in private gardens, where visitors can rest and enjoy tea and climb the mountain to see the scenery. Generally, pavilions have more than two floors of roofs, which are more empty than buildings and can be viewed from all angles.

A ship is a boat-shaped building near the water surface or in the water. It is divided into three parts. The front cabin is higher and the middle cabin is slightly lower. There are two small buildings in the back cabin for climbing and overlooking. Is the front end flat? Connect with the shore, imitating the springboard for boarding. Also called not to tie the boat, because it can't move. Being in the water makes people closer to the water, immersed in it, and makes people feel rippling in the water. It is a place where people rest, enjoy and eat in the garden. However, this kind of architecture is of special significance in the artistic conception creation of China garden art. As we know, boats are the main means of transportation in ancient Jiangnan. However, since Zhuangzi said that "the incompetent have nothing to ask for, but they are invited to swim with enough food and a boat is not bound", the boat has become a symbol of the ancient literati's seclusion in the rivers and lakes, indicating that the garden owner lives in seclusion in the rivers and lakes and does not ask about political affairs. Therefore, it is often the owner's emotional building, suitable for seclusion. Because a considerable number of ancient literati were frustrated in their official career and dissatisfied with real life, they often wanted to live in seclusion and indulge in mountains and rivers. Most of their leisure trips were to buy a boat and travel thousands of miles a day, which was a pleasure. Therefore, prevention often means seclusion in gardens, but ships have different meanings on different occasions. For example, the Lion Forest in Suzhou is the back garden of the Buddhist temple, so the boat contains the meaning of Purdue sentient beings. Zhou Shi in the Summer Palace, according to Wei in Tang Dynasty, "Water can carry a boat, but it can also overturn it", because Zhou Shi can never be repeated, so it contains the meaning of eternal mountains and rivers.

Third, the style of China classical garden architecture

1, implicit expression

Implicit effect is one of the important architectural styles of China classical gardens. The pursuit of implication is related to the pursuit of implication in China's poetry and painting art, emphasizing the artistic realm of "profound meaning"; Emphasize the twists and turns in the garden, implication and unpredictability. This implication can be understood from two aspects: first, its artistic conception is implicit; Secondly, in the garden layout, China gardens are often not straight to the point, but tortuous and unpredictable. Subtle effects are often achieved through the contrast between the reality, obscurity and straightness of landscape images. For example, first of all, the beautiful scenery such as lotus pond and small bridge attracts tourists' hearts, but the walls are high, only some roofs, trees and tall buildings in the garden are exposed, and the panoramic view inside can not be seen, which will arouse people's leisure and interest in understanding the garden scenery. This is the case with the Summer Palace in Beijing. The entrance of the Summer Palace uses the main hall to block the main scenery in the garden (Wanshou Mountain and Kunming Lake). Through the main hall, suddenly enlightened. Seeing Wanshou Mountain and Kunming Lake, the mountain is beautiful. In the gardens in the south of the Yangtze River, window leakage often becomes an implicit means, and the scenery outside the window is blurred through the window leakage, which is much more interesting than taking a look. For example, the east area of Suzhou Liuyuan is dominated by architectural gardens, and the southeast corner is surrounded by cloisters. There are all kinds of leaking windows and window openings on the pool surface, so that the garden scenery can be hidden in the window holes. Tourists will feel at home when they visit here. Today, many good people are afraid that tourists will not understand. There are artificial big fish in the pool, and there is a clay panda standing in front of the Panda Pavilion. For example, making a big advertisement runs counter to the word "implicit" and loses the spirit of China gardens. It's really disappointing. If you want to hide the fish, the Panda Pavilion will win with bamboo forests, and it will get better and better gradually, and tourists will be more interested.

2. Emphasize artistic conception

The word "artistic conception" pursued by China classical gardens is mostly natural landscape gardens. Generally speaking, the natural landscape should be the main body of the garden. Although these natural landscapes are artificial, they should have natural beauty, natural principle and natural interest. In the garden, even if there are dense buildings, there must be natural interest. In order to make the garden promising, feasible, tourable and livable, it is necessary to build various corresponding buildings in the garden. However, the buildings in the garden should not overwhelm or destroy the main body, but should highlight the main body of the landscape and integrate with the landscape nature, so as to achieve the organic integration of nature and architecture and sublimate it into a work of art. The artistic conception of this intermediate building is expressed as follows: The misty rain building in chengde mountain resort is built by imitating the artistic conception of the misty rain building in Jiaxing, Zhejiang. Whenever the wind and rain come, this antique, beautiful and elegant high-rise building can form a simple and elegant poetic picture scroll of "mountains and sky and rain dew", which makes people intoxicated.

The creation method of garden artistic conception has China's own characteristics and profound cultural roots. The creative method of integrating feelings into the countryside can be roughly summarized into three aspects:

The process of "object". That is, in the process of investigation and study, the creation of garden artistic conception must carefully observe the feelings that are suitable for the specific environment and scenery. The image of things has its characteristics of expressing personality and emotion, which is an objective phenomenon. For example, people often compare wicker to women and tenderness; Compare flowers to children or beauties; Compared with general Cooper, more loyal. Improper comparison and promotion can't express the characteristics of things. We should not only compare, but also observe carefully and be good at discovering. If stone symbolizes a firm character, pebbles and flowers are not as good as Yellowstone and rocks, because they are not only in quality, but also in shape. In the process of such observation, I gained something from my heart and then began to design.

The process of "artisan management" can only express artistic conception on the basis of objects. Then plan the layout and cut the scenery according to the idea. The richness of garden artistic conception must be borrowed according to conditions. Ji Cheng's "borrowing scenery" in the chapter "Borrowing scenery" in "Yuanye" is not only borrowing scenery in composition, but also "borrowing reason" to enrich artistic conception. All-night bells, Xiao Yue, firewood singing, fishing songs, etc. Not allowed to borrow, and Ji Cheng thought that "everything is touching".

"Bi" and "Xing". It is the expression of China's aesthetic consciousness in the pre-Qin period. The interpretation of contrast and interest in Wen Xin Diao Long is: "Compared with others; Prosperous people also rise. " "Comparison is to borrow something else to compare this thing", such as "Lansheng Valley, not for no one but not for fragrance" is a natural phenomenon, which can be compared with people's noble character. "Xing" is to express feelings with the help of scenery, such as "the spring in the wild pool is flooding, and the sunset in the flower dock is late". "Bi" and "Xing" are sometimes difficult to distinguish, and they are often used together. They are all ways to express, entrust, express and convey affection through foreign objects and scenes.

3. Highlight religious superstition and feudal ethics.

Classical architecture in China is closely related to the worship of immortals and feudal ethics, and it is also reflected in garden architecture. In the Han dynasty, there were many "views of buildings" in gardens, because people thought that immortals liked to live in high places. There is also an important embodiment, the kissing beast that can only be seen on the sculpture decoration of royal buildings. Kissing animals is not only the worship of dragons, but also the floorboard of many kinds of beasts created by human beings. Dragon is the symbol of the birthplace of the Chinese nation and the beginning of culture; Totem worshipped by descendants of the Yellow Emperor; The dragon's mighty, enterprising, tenacious and fearless spirit is the symbol and embodiment of the ideal of the Chinese nation. Dragon culture is an important part of China's splendid culture. Today, people can still see the "dragon culture" on the newly-built antique buildings. Today's dragon culture (decoration) is not only for "avoiding evil spirits"; Moreover, it has become a symbol of the Chinese nation (no matter at home or abroad, anything decorated with "dragons to ward off evil spirits" must be a Chinese mansion), which embodies the soul of the nation. There are strict regulations on the arrangement of kissing animals, and the number varies according to the level of the building, most of which are decorations on the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City. This is unique in the history of China Palace architecture, which shows its supreme importance. Generally, other ancient buildings use up to nine kinds of animals. There are strict grade boundaries here, and only Jinxitang (Hall of Supreme Harmony) can complete ten kinds. There are nine zhonghe halls and baohe halls. Small animals in other temples are declining step by step. There are nine small animals in Tiananmen Square. The Jinxi Hall and the Taihe Hall in the Forbidden City in Beijing are the palaces of feudal emperors, so there are the most small animals. The Golden Hall is a "pointed hall" building, with main ridge 1, vertical ridge 8 and surrounding ridge 4, with a total of temple ridge 13. The kissing beast is located on the ridge of the temple, and there are two positive kisses at both ends of the ridge. Because of its upright spine, it is also commonly known as the spine-swallowing beast. There are/kloc-0 animals on each vertical ridge of the main hall, and 8 animals on 8 ridges. There is 1 platoon running beast in front of the hanging beast. From front to back, the front leader is a fairy riding the wind, and then in turn: dragon, phoenix, lion, Tianma, hippocampus, lion, fish, cow, line, and meter. There are 80 vertical ridges. In addition, there are two horned animals at both ends of each ridge and eight horned animals at four ridges. This adds up to 106 kissing animals. If you count the animals on the beams of the temples, there are 1 14 kissing animals. Gan Qing Palace is the place where the emperor lived and handled daily affairs, second only to the Hall of Supreme Harmony. There are nine small animals under the eaves. The Palace of Kunning used to be the queen's bedroom, with seven small animals. Concubines live in six rooms, and the number of small animals is reduced to five. Some halls only have 1. Ancient palaces were mostly wooden structures, which were flammable. Legend has it that these small animals can avoid fire. Due to the decoration of deified animals, the emperor's palace became a fairy palace.

Therefore, kissing the beast is a unique sculpture decoration in China classical architecture. Because kissing animals is unique to the royal family, it is also a way to distinguish private and royal houses from forests and buildings.

4. The plane layout is concise and regular.

There is a simple organizing rule in the plane layout of ancient buildings in China, that is, every house, palace, official residence, temple and other buildings are surrounded by several single buildings, some cloisters, fences and other courtyards. Generally speaking, most courtyards are connected in series, reaching the backyard through the front yard, which is the product of China's feudal society's thought of "orderly aging, different inside and outside". The main characters in the family, or people who should be isolated from the outside world (such as girls from aristocratic families), often live in courtyards far from the outside door, forming a deep spatial organization of courtyards after courtyards. At the same time, this courtyard-style group and layout are generally designed symmetrically along the longitudinal axis (also known as the front and rear axis) and the horizontal axis. The more important buildings are placed on the vertical axis, and the secondary houses are placed on its left and right sides on the horizontal axis. The group layout of the Forbidden City in Beijing and the northern quadrangles is the typical example that best embodies this principle of group layout. This layout is closely related to the patriarchal clan system and the ethical code system in China feudal society. According to the feudal patriarchal clan system and hierarchical concepts, such as seniority, men and women, masters and servants, it is most convenient to make obvious differences in housing. This is the embodiment of feudal ethics in the layout of garden buildings.

5. Different regional cultures have different landscape styles.

Luoyang has been famous for peony since ancient times. Many flowers and bamboos have been planted in the gardens, especially peony and peony. In contrast, the design of pavilions and other buildings is scattered. Even some gardens only build temporary buildings during the flowering period, which are called "screen houses" and "shops". After the flowering period, curtain houses and shops were demolished, and there were basically no fixed buildings.

On the other hand, Yangzhou gardens are beautifully decorated and exquisitely furnished. This is because the construction period of Yangzhou gardens was mainly during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, and many of the builders were built by giant businessmen and local officials at that time. The purpose is to show off wealth and whitewash peace, so it has distinct utilitarianism. Yangzhou gardens pay more attention to the expression of formal beauty in aesthetic taste. This is also different from the general style of private gardens in Jiangnan. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, Jiangnan gardens have been pursuing an indifferent, profound and implicit style of harmony.

Four. conclusion

Looking at the development of classical gardens in China, this view of gardens with the aesthetic characteristics of ancient people in China is not limited to the visual feeling of modeling and color and the psychological description of human conquest of nature in general, but more importantly, it is the inevitable product of cultural development, that is, through the adjustment of garden art to people's living environment, we can grasp people's own existing characteristics and significance.

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