What were the historical and traditional factors that led to the rebellion in northern England in 1569?

In 1569, large-scale rebellions broke out in four counties in northern England, including Northumberland and Westland, with participants from all walks of life including nobles, gentry and common people.

Although the causes of the rebellion were complex, northern society's opposition to Protestant policies and its insistence on Catholic faith, long-standing local loyalism, and the tradition of armed force were all factors in the rebellion.

After the rebellion was suppressed, the northern Catholic forces suffered a heavy blow. Loyalty to the lords and martial traditions gradually faded. Northern society had to recognize the queen's ruling authority, strengthened its identification with the central government in a passive form, and realized tradition and change.

The integration of modernization has promoted the modernization of the entire north of England.

1. Historical and traditional factors of the Northern British Rebellion in 1569 (1) In the process of nationalizing the church and building a nation-state in early modern times, Britain experienced the pain of the religious reform. This pain was particularly prominent in northern England society because of the traditional Catholic tradition in the north.

Deeply ingrained, the Reformation merely maintained formal consistency, even into the early years of Elizabeth's reign.

According to Anthony Fletcher, "Elizabeth's religious policies had little impact on the north during the first ten years of her reign."

What is certain is that at the beginning of the Elizabethan Reformation, the central government's religious policies had little influence in the north. Even before the rebellion broke out, there were still many people in the north who adhered to the Catholic faith. They were seriously under-identified with the new religion and had little regard for the government's Protestant policies.

The resistance was very strong.

(2) In the north, strong local loyalty has a long history and tradition.

As a traditional "Danish area", until the end of the 16th century, the institutions and customs of northern England were still deeply rooted under the influence of French feudal law. North of the Trent River, chaos prevailed, especially in the border counties, and the poor would even steal money to survive.

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In addition, due to its remote location, high mountains and dense forests, the residents here are relatively closed-minded and have strong localism and external vigilance. This makes it very easy for malicious hatred to burst out, which is very important for the maintenance of local order and the management of the central government.

, it is very difficult to control here.

For example, family feuds in northern society lasted until the 17th century, greatly affecting the creation of a stable local social order.

2. Summary of the historical and traditional factors of the Northern British Rebellion in 1569 (1) In terms of tradition, northern society’s adherence to traditional habits has also been greatly weakened.

Elizabeth's cruel punishments taught northern society an unforgettable lesson. They had to recognize the Queen's ruling authority, and the tradition of loyalty to their lords gradually faded.

"The cry of 'Parsey, Parsey', 'Dyke, Dyke' can no longer evoke the unconscious Pavlovian loyalty conditioned reflex among northern gentry and peasants. (2) In religion, although there was only one priest

They were executed for participating in the rebellion, but most of the priests involved fled overseas or were deprived of their priesthood. This left some clergy posts vacant in the north after the rebellion, and the right to recommend pensionary priests in many areas was transferred to the queen.

Elizabeth also stipulated that all those who were pardoned must take an oath of allegiance to her, in which they must recognize the queen as the supreme ruler both temporally and religiously.