What is the basic connotation of the virtue of "benevolence"

In the Spring and Autumn Period, benevolence was often juxtaposed with loyalty, righteousness, faithfulness, sensitivity, filial piety and love, which was regarded as one of the important virtues of human beings. However, before Confucius, benevolence did not receive special attention. It was only when Confucius arrived that benevolence was pulled out from other virtues and endowed with new and rich connotations.

In the Spring and Autumn Period, the ceremony collapsed and the world declined, which became the realistic basis for Confucius' thought of "benevolence" to be recognized. Feng Youlan once said: "Confucius' contribution to China culture is to try to theorize from the beginning and build the original system on the basis of theory. "This statement is very correct.

The "theoretical basis" that Confucius gave to the original system was nothing more than benevolence. Benevolence in the new sense is entirely Confucius' patience, sensitivity and thoughtfulness, which was made by Confucius out of his own consideration.

After Confucius, under the constant watering and care of Confucianism in past dynasties, this new bud has finally grown into a towering tree-Confucian culture and China traditional culture dominated by Confucian culture after more than two thousand years of time and space. Therefore, it is Confucius' greatest contribution to China culture to discover benevolence and establish a culture of rites and music on the basis of benevolence.

With the help of benevolence, China's traditional culture successfully realized the transition from ancient times to the Middle Ages. With the help of benevolence, the cultural blood of thousands of years before Confucius and thousands of years after Confucius can be communicated and connected without breaking.

From a sociological point of view, it represents all "people" on a macro level. It means that all human beings living in the world are synchronous, coordinated, natural and mutually beneficial, and * * * lives and exists, which means "everlasting, man and nature".

China has ancient ideas and philosophies about social, humanistic and economic psychology, such as "people-oriented", "benevolent loves others", "benevolent parents' heart" and "benevolent is invincible in the world", which implies many humanistic and social thoughts and profoundly guides many people's ideas of study, growth, life, development, employment, entrepreneurship, socialization, family, spouse selection and marriage.

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The emergence of benevolence is the ethical expression of great changes in social relations, and it is an ethical summary of the relationship between children and fathers, between monarch and ministers and the state, so it has rich contents. From another point of view, Ren's thought is the result of the development of social productive forces, which will inevitably lead to the change of production relations and the drastic change of interpersonal relations, thus leading to the situation of "ritual collapse and bad music".

After the previous ceremony was destroyed, people of insight came forward to seek a new ideal relationship between people. In this way, Confucius selected, refined and synthesized a large number of ideological materials about benevolence in the Spring and Autumn Period, making benevolence truly a category, and taking this as a logical starting point, he constructed the early Confucian ideological system.

Before Confucius put forward the systematic idea of benevolence, there were many records of benevolence in the Spring and Autumn Period. The Book of Songs Zheng Feng Shu Tian Yu says: "Beauty and benevolence", and The Book of Songs Qifeng Luling says: "People are beautiful and benevolence". Both of them mention benevolence and are related to the word beauty. Obviously, here, benevolence means elegance and elegance, which means "gentleness, courtesy and frugality, and then gentleness".

The history books say that "Shi Ren and Kao can be versatile and serve ghosts and gods", "Shi Ren and Kao" means "Shi Ren and Qiao", and "Qiao" means versatility, which is what the Analects of Confucius says: "If you have the beauty of Zhou Gong's talents, you will be arrogant and stingy, and the rest will be insufficient." "Guoyu Yu Jin Yi": "Love relatives means benevolence", and benevolence is reflected in the relationship between father and son, that is, love relatives means filial piety.

Shen Sheng refused to escape in Yu Jin II, saying that "benevolence does not blame the monarch" and "it is cruel to blame the monarch for fleeing to death". Benevolence is embodied in dealing with the relations between countries, that is, protecting small countries and helping neighboring countries. In addition, benevolence and other meaning. For example, "Guoyu Yujin II" says that "benefiting the country is benevolence".

It can be seen that the scope of benevolence is quite extensive, which includes various specific codes of conduct based on patriarchal ethics. At that time, he was already involved in the relationship between people. It is on this basis that Confucius further put forward the ethical and moral significance of benevolence.

1. Compassion and friendship: benevolence, benevolence and righteousness to the end.

2. The stone part: almonds.

Unkindness: (1) Unkindness, without kindness, is just like unkindness and injustice;

(2) Paralysis of hands and feet, in order to exercise: insensitive and heartless.

3. Man and Benevolence

"At first, there was only a herringbone. Later, two people fell in love and two people added benevolence, so benevolence came from people. Benevolence can be interpreted as' benevolence' or as a human being. I think the word "self-denial" should be interpreted as "human". On the basis of Confucius' words, the word "filial piety" in the Analects of Confucius is the essence of benevolence, "knowing its benevolence by observing its past" and "benevolence in a well", which should be interpreted as "human".

However, the average scholar takes his words as benevolence, mostly takes qu as the solution, and asks what he says, but not to the point. Therefore, in the last example, I should interpret the word' benevolence' as' human'. Otherwise, there is benevolence in the well, and it is difficult to understand benevolence. Taking other works as circumstantial evidence, it can be seen that man and benevolence are synonymous. For example, the Book of Rites says that people also say that they are loyal to others.

Man and benevolence are synonyms ... The so-called "benevolent, benevolent loves others" in The Analects of Confucius is based on this meaning. They all have the same origin and close relationship with human and benevolence. It is very difficult to interpret benevolence as' benevolence and righteousness', which is convincing "(quoted from Huang Xianfan's Preliminary Interpretation of Ancient Books-Selected Academic Papers of Huang Xianfan, 464-465 pages, Guangxi Normal University Press, July 2004).

Benevolence is two words, which can be seen from the shape of this word. Then why did you write this word like this? What do the ancients mean? I think it is right to say "I am for everyone and everyone is for me". I hurt everyone, and everyone will hurt me. "abbreviation. In this sentence, two people are used twice. So it means benevolence. Benevolence is a way.

5. In terms of explanation, benevolence is "person"+"two", which can be understood as the way for two people to get along! So what is the way for two people to get along? In the Book of Changes, "One" stands for Tao, and "Two" consists of two avenues: Heaven and Tunnel. On the road of our life, people must constantly follow the natural avenue of heaven to stand on the world, in order to cultivate "benevolence."

If we go further, when our cultivation reaches a certain level, then people will stand between heaven and earth, become a true husband with indomitable spirit, and become a "king" in a certain sense.

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