In which dynasty was the Buddha statue formed?

Characteristics of the times of Buddha statues

About three or four hundred years after the birth of Buddhism, China's ancestors introduced Buddhism to China through the Western Regions, and it has been two thousand years since then.

China's Buddhist culture, after merging with China's traditional culture, has been deeply integrated into China's ideology, religious beliefs, living habits and daily speech. The thoughts of cause and effect, karma and the pursuit of bliss in Buddhist teachings, like traditional Confucianism and Taoism, have become the beliefs of China people. At the same time, the spread of Buddhism in China for 2,000 years has also been deeply branded by the Chinese nation, with the emergence of several major sects, such as Faxiang Sect, Tiantai Sect, Pure Land Sect, Legalist Sect, Tantric Sect, Zen Sect and Sanlun Sect, and the image and significance of Buddha statues and their artifacts are becoming more and more China-like.

China has a long history. The cultures of different dynasties are different, and the carving art is also varied. The following are the characteristics of Buddha statues in various periods in China:

(A) the characteristics of Buddha statues in the Sixteen Kingdoms period

1. The Buddhist statues left over from this period are mostly gold and copper Buddha statues, mostly bronze.

2. The head of the Buddha statue is a bunch of high-fat bun, and the small Buddha statue is mostly polished bun without hair lines; Most of the big Buddha statues are arranged in rows with grouped hairlines.

3. Backlight is usually concentric circles.

4. Eyes are almond-shaped, eyes are straight and nose is high. Wen Ya, dignified and comely, has a calm expression. Buddha is generally a square platform with a simple shape, or a four-legged sumeru.

(2) The characteristics of statues in the Northern Wei Dynasty

Characteristics of Buddha statues

1. The head is mostly polished or split bun.

2. Fiona Fang face, but slightly thin, wide forehead, long eyes.

3. Wear a coat that is over the shoulder or exposes the right shoulder, which is symmetrically distributed in a U-shape or a V-shape, with deep lines and bumps.

4. The Buddha statue sits or stands on a four-legged pedestal, and the backlight is mostly lotus petals.

5. The headlights are round and the lotus petals are around.

Characteristics of Bodhisattva Statue

1. The face is square and round, the head is tied in a high bun and crowned, the eyes are big, the nose is high, the lips are thin, the face is dignified and kind, and the figure is well-proportioned.

2. The upper body is bare and wearing a skirt, and the shoulders are covered with silk. The brocade belts are drooping and overlapping, and the style is more complicated.

3. Appear serene and natural. The shape is quite perfect, without any affectation.

Characteristics of Statues in Late Northern Wei Dynasty

The characteristics of the Buddha:

1. The face is thin, the face is Han, the forehead is high and wide, and the eyebrows are thin.

2. The bun is high, except for grinding and shallow water waves, there are spiral hair in the bun, and the fist roll of the bun is mostly right-handed.

3. The coat is shoulder-length, revealing the right shoulder, but the belt of the literati in the Southern Dynasties is more popular, with overlapping folds at the hem and smooth and delicate lines.

4. The body proportion is coordinated, and the figure is slender, giving people a feeling of elegance and freedom.

5. Bronze Buddha statues are light in weight and have more stone statues.

Characteristics of Bodhisattva:

1. The face is plump and beautiful, and the crown is mostly a bun crown or a petal crown. The crown of the crown hangs naturally, unlike the previous paragraph, which flutters to both sides.

2. Slender figure, semi-naked upper body, skirt in lower body, more accessories, wide skirt, fat and elegant;

3. Silk is usually draped over the arm, then hung down from the shoulder, crossed between the legs, then rolled up to the elbow, and then floated outward, and the rolled-up part is folded, which is a popular dress for women at that time.

(3) The characteristics of statues in Northern Qi Dynasty:

Characteristics of Buddha statues

1. The face is plump, slightly longer, the lines of facial features are soft, the bun of the head is relatively flat, and most of them have no hair lines, even if there are shallow spiral hair lines.

2. slender figure, wide shoulders and thin waist, the overall shape is large and small, and it is cylindrical.

3. Wear more monk branches on the upper body, double outdoor covers on the outside and skirts on the bottom. The clothes are light and fleshy, and the lines are simple.

The expression of Buddha is gentle and dignified, simple and honest.

5. At this time, the Buddha statues are mostly light, the statues are flat, and the abdomen protrudes forward from the side.

Characteristics of Bodhisattva Statue

1. The face is plump, dignified and beautiful, wearing the crown or corolla of the Buddha, and the orb falls on the shoulder, but it does not float outside.

2. At the intersection where silk hangs down, the circular ring is no longer used, but developed into an ornament, and the skirt pleats are fine and smooth.

(4) The characteristics of the statues in the Northern Zhou Dynasty

1. The head is short and legs are long, and the body is short, stocky and slightly heavy.

2. The lines of clothes are simple and smooth.

3. The silk is widened and draped over the shoulders in a triangle.

4. The overall proportion of Buddha statues is out of balance, the figure is fat and stocky, and the posture is mostly simple and rigid. At this time, wreaths, flowers, silk and so on appeared. They are extremely thick and full, knee-deep, and the details are carved.

(V) Characteristics of Statues in Sui Dynasty

1. plump, plump face, slender eyebrows, straight nose, clear lip line and peaceful expression.

2. The head is bigger, the lower body is shorter, the proportion is slightly unbalanced, and the figure is short and fat.

3. The abdomen is slightly convex, the body has a sense of bending, and the center of gravity leans forward.

4. The posture is stiff, the shape is slightly dull, and there is no elegant dynamic beauty.

5. The head of the Buddha statue has a bun and a spiral hair; Bodhisattvas often wear crowns, with their wreaths hanging down to their knees and ribbons hanging down to their sides.

(VI) Characteristics of Statues in the Tang Dynasty

Characteristics of Buddha statues

1. The face is plump, the head is snail or water wave hairstyle, the bun is higher than that of the Sui Dynasty, the big ears are drooping, and the expression is solemn but kind.

2. The figure is well-proportioned, the structure is reasonable, the figure is plump, full, the bare chest muscles are undulating, and the sense of reality is strong.

3. The posture is naturally stretched and dynamic.

4. Clothes have shoulders, shoulders, belts, and more square collars, which are soft and light in texture.

5. The base is mostly waist-tied, and the bottom is hexagonal, octagonal, round or flower-shaped.

6. The pattern of the clothes is smooth, and the folds of the lower body are hung in front of the seat like tablecloths, which is very characteristic of the times.

7. Hot stamping is red and has the characteristics of the times.

Characteristics of Bodhisattva Statue

1. Round face, curved eyebrows and rich neck, beautiful facial features.

2. The upper body is exposed to the abdomen, and the silk hangs obliquely; Wear a skirt with a belt at the waist. Gorgeous costumes, surrounded by silk, small and exquisite garlands, light and transparent clothes and smooth and natural lines. Full body, twisted waist, S-shaped body, strong mobility.

3. Holding a Yang Liuzhi or a nectar bottle is an important symbol of the image of Guanyin Bodhisattva in Tang Dynasty.

Disciple image characteristics

Ye Jia's thin and old image has become strong, full of heaven and deep eyes;

Ananda is plump, young, strong, handsome, calm and gentle.

Characteristics of the statue of King Lux

Comb a fist-shaped bun on the head, erect eyebrows, big eyes and wide mouth. The heavenly king is wearing armor and pedaling a hag; Lux is topless, barefoot and wearing a skirt, mostly in a semi-lunge posture, tall and strong.

Characteristics of flight images

Charming face, well-proportioned, graceful, elegant and natural, long skirt tightly wrapped around legs, feet exposed.

(VII) Statue features in Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties

The Buddha statues in the Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties are full of fireworks. Strong realism. During this period, stone carvings declined, and wood carvings sprang up everywhere, especially Guanyin.

Characteristics of Buddha statues in Song Dynasty

1. The face is plump, the forehead is plump, the appearance is dignified and beautiful, and the expression is kind and meticulous. Buddha's head has a snail hairstyle, but the bun tends to be flat, and the bun beads between snail hair and bun are more obvious.

2. The figure is symmetrical, and the pleats of the clothes are smooth and uneven.

3. The Luohan statue is realistic and the characterization is perfect.

4. Casual and lively posture, full of personality and full of sense of the times.

Characteristics of Buddha statues in Liao Dynasty

The meat bun of Buddha statue is relatively flat, and there are many bun beads in the center of snail hair.

1. Broad shoulders, plump figure, long upper body and slightly shorter lower body.

2. The Bodhisattva wears a high crown or a trefoil crown, with round cheeks, slender eyebrows, closed eyes and thin nose and lips. Naked upper body, hanging necklace, elbow wrapped in silk; Wear a skirt with smooth lines and natural clothes.

3. Lotus stands are popular in the form of girding the waist and leaning on the lotus, with plump petals and slightly upturned tips, and the lower layer is mostly three layers or leaning on the lotus; The plane of Buddha is square, round and six-flowered. The cloth on the platform is semi-circular in the middle and triangular on both sides, which has obvious patterning tendency.

Characteristics of Buddha statues in Jin Dynasty

The statue is strong, broad shoulders and chest, realistic and colorful.

(VIII) Characteristics of Statues in Yuan Dynasty

1. The face is plump and round, the face is exquisite and beautiful, and the expression is calm and soft.

2. The bun is towering, mostly three or five leaves.

3. Strong body, wide shoulders, thin waist and full chest.

4. The Bodhisattva shows her upper body, with a wreath on her chest, which is large in size; Wear a skirt with simple lines.

5. The lotus petals on the lotus seat are full and full, and the bottom edge rolls outward.

6. The face is inverted trapezoid with compact facial features, which has the characteristics of Yuan Dynasty.

7. The figure of Buddha in Yuan Dynasty is slender and charming, while the Buddha's chest and buttocks are towering, with the sculptural style of Indian Bala dynasty.

(9) Characteristics of Buddha statues in Ming Dynasty

1. The face is plump, with thin eyebrows and long eyes, high nose, thin lips, wide forehead and drooping big ears. The expression is solemn but not soft.

2. The figure is relatively symmetrical, the clothes are light and close-fitting, the lines flow softly, and the pleats rotate freely.

3. The Bodhisattva has a wide shoulder and a thin waist, revealing the upper body, graceful posture, S-shaped, garlands everywhere, and exquisite and complicated ornaments.

The leaves in Guan Bao are hollow, and the leaves in the middle are crescent-shaped, which is the characteristic of Ming Dynasty.

5. The base is a ring-shaped upturned rosette, which is wide in shape, and the lotus petals are wide and fat, which are symmetrically distributed around the week, with typical characteristics of the times.

6. The details are fully expressed, and the edges of the clothes are engraved with fine patterns, which are commonly used in later sculptures.

7. The back is covered with a rosette, the edge is beaded for a week, the lotus petals are round, and the bottom edge is rolled out, which has obvious characteristics of the times.

8. Golden water is full of color, with red in yellow, which is the standard color of the Ming Dynasty.

9. The clothing pattern is smooth, vivid and tortuous, and the leg decoration is slightly oval and wrinkled, which is a method of sculpture in the Ming Dynasty.

10. Armored clothes and silk tapestries are more vivid, which is the common feature of Ming Dynasty statues.

(X) Characteristics of Sculpture in Qing Dynasty

1. Fiona Fang has a plump face, a broad forehead, exquisite facial features and vivid eyes.

2. The body proportion is coordinated and the shape is beautiful.

There are many Chinese clothes, radial patterns, vivid pleats and wide silk.

The garlands and beads on the chest are exquisitely carved, luxurious and elegant.

5. The bottom of the rosette is obviously outward, and the lotus petals are regular and flat, generally only about half, which has the characteristics of the times.

6. Tara's eyeliner is wavy and wide-spaced, which is the characteristic of Qinggan Dragon Statue.

7. The crown leaves are flat, not hollowed out, and the production is rough.

(1 1) Characteristics of Tibetan Buddha statues

The Buddha statues in Tibet are mainly bronze statues, with a high bun on the top of the Buddha's head and a crown or a trifoliate crown on the head. They all face Fiona Fang, and their cheekbones are slightly prominent; The figure is stout, the shoulders are wide and the waist is thin, the chest is high and the hips are big, the posture is three folds, and the backlight of the clothes is simple.