Which expert can tell me about the traditional western style?

Ancient Greek architectural style is mainly characterized by harmony, perfection, sublime. The ancient Greek temple building is the centralized embodiment of these style features, but also ancient Greece, and even the whole of Europe's greatest, most brilliant, the most far-reaching impact of the building. Ancient Greek architectural style is most concentrated in the characteristics of the column style:

Doric column style: column proportions of stout, the height of the base diameter of about 4 to 6 times. The column body has a groove, the groove back is pointed, there is no column base. The height of the cornice is about 1/4 of the height of the whole column style, and the distance between the columns is about 1.2 to 1.5 times of the base diameter.

Ionic Column Style: the column is elongated in proportion, and the height is about 9 to 10 times of the base diameter. The column is fluted with a banded fluted back. The height of the cornice is about 1/5 of the height of the whole column style, and the distance between the columns is about 2 times of the base diameter.

Koslin columns: except for the head of the column, such as a basket full of curly grass, other than the same as the Ionic columns.

Ancient Greece is the cradle of European culture, the same is also the pioneer of Western European architecture, but after all, is still in the bud and embryonic period, their types are still less, the form is very simple, the structure is relatively childish, which is due to the perfection of its art. Monumental architecture in ancient Greece was roughly formed in the 8th century B.C., matured in the 5th century B.C., and entered a period of broader development of form and technique in the 4th century B.C. The monumental architecture of the ancient Greeks is still in its infancy.

Because of the importance of religion in ancient societies, the temples of ancient countries were often representatives of the highest achievements in the art of architecture in that country, and Greece was no exception. Ancient Greece is a pantheistic country, the people of each city state, each natural phenomenon are considered by a deity dominated, so the Greeks worship all kinds of gods to build temples. Greek temples were not only the center of religious activities, but also the place of social and commercial activities of the citizens of the city-state, or the place of storage of public **** wealth. So the temple became the Greek worship of the Holy Land, around the Holy Land and built up the arena, synagogue hostel and other public **** building.

The earliest Greek temple buildings were just rectangular buildings with porches where the nobles lived. In their view the temples were places where the gods lived, and the gods were nothing more than more perfect human beings, so the temples were nothing more than dwellings for more advanced people. Later on, columns were added, and from the early "end-column porch type" gradually developed into the "front porch type", that is, the front porch of the temple was composed of four columns, and later on developed into the "front and rear porch type", and then into the "front and rear porch type", and then into the "front and rear porch type". To the 6th century BC before and after the porch type and evolved into the standard form of Greek temple architecture - "around the columns", that is, the rectangular temple are surrounded by a colonnade.

2. Ancient Roman Architecture

Ancient Roman architecture is an architectural style in which the ancient Romans followed the building techniques of the Etruscans on the Apennine Peninsula, inherited the architectural achievements of Ancient Greece, and made extensive innovations in the architectural form, technology and art. Ancient Roman architecture in the first to third century AD for the peak period, reaching the peak of the Western ancient architecture.

There are many types of ancient Roman buildings. There are the Roman Pantheon, Venus and the Roman Temple, as well as the Balbec Temple of the Sun and other religious buildings, but also palaces, theaters, gladiator arenas, baths, and plazas and basilicas (rectangular synagogues) and other public **** building. Residential buildings have an inner courtyard type residence, inner courtyard type and the combination of enclosing columns courtyard residence, there are four, five-story apartment type residence.

The form of secular architecture in ancient Rome was quite mature and well integrated with its function. For example, the Roman Empire throughout the large theater, the auditorium plane is semicircular, rising row by row, with a longitudinal aisle, supplemented by a horizontal aisle. Audience according to the ticket number from different entrances, stairs, to reach the seats in each section. The flow of people does not cross, gathering and dispersing convenient. The stage rises high, in front of the music pool, behind the make-up building, make-up building fa?ade is the background of the stage, the two ends of the projected forward, forming the prototype of the stage mouth, has been similar to the basic shape of modern large-scale performance buildings.

Ancient Rome multi-storey apartments commonly used standard units. Some apartments have stores on the ground floor, upstairs residents have balconies. This form is also similar to modern apartments. From the theater, gladiator, baths and apartments and other forms of view, when the technical science of architectural design has been quite developed. Ancient Roman architect Vitruvius wrote "ten books of architecture" is a summary of this science.

Ancient Roman architecture can meet a variety of complex functional requirements, mainly relying on a very high level of arch structure, to obtain a wide internal space. The barrel arch of the main hall of the palace of the Flavian dynasty on the Palatine Hill has a span of 29.3 meters. The diameter of the dome of the Pantheon is 43.3 meters. In the middle of the first century A.D., the cross arch was introduced, which covered square architectural spaces, concentrating the weight of the vaults on the piers at the corners, eliminating the need for continuous load-bearing walls, and making the space more open as a result.

The combination of several cross arches with cylindrical arches and vaults can cover complex interior spaces. The Royal Baths of the Roman Empire are representative of this combination.

Constantine Basilica on the east side of the central square of the ancient Roman city , the center with three cross arches, spanning 25.3 meters, 40 meters high, the left and right each have three spans of 23.5 meters of cylindrical arches to resist the horizontal thrust of the structure of the level of high. The huge auditoriums of the theater and the gladiatorial arena were also erected on a complex system of arches.

The popularization of arch structures was due to the use of volcanic ash concrete, which was strong, easy to construct, and inexpensive. Around the second century B.C., this concrete became a stand-alone building material, and by the first century B.C., it had almost completely replaced stone in the construction of arches, as well as in the building of walls. The surface of the concrete was often protected by a layer of square conical stones or triangular bricks, followed by a layer of plaster or a layer of marble slabs; there was also the practice of building a stone wall in front of the concrete wall as a facing.

Ancient Roman architecture of wood structure technology has been a considerable level, able to distinguish between the trusses of the tie rod and compression rod. The Roman city of Tula true Basilica, wooden trusses span of 25 meters. The Great Roman Colosseum, built in the first century A.D., had a capacity of 50,000 spectators and took only five to six years to complete. It was built on a lake that was not filled in, but the foundations didn't even sink.

3, Roman architecture

Roman architecture is the 10th to 12th century, Europe's Christian popular areas of an architectural style. Roman architecture originally meant for the Roman architectural style of building, also translated as Roman style architecture, Roman-style buildings, like Roman buildings. Roman architectural style is mostly found in monasteries and churches.

The typical features of Roman architecture are: huge and thick walls, walls with a series of small coupons, door Zeus hole with concentric multi-layer small round coupons to reduce the sense of heaviness. One or two bell towers on the west side, and sometimes there are bell towers on the intersection of the Latin cross and the transepts. The center hall has a rhythmic alternating arrangement of large and small columns. The windows are narrow, creating a dark and mysterious atmosphere in the larger interior space. The plain nave contrasts with the ornate altar, and the large spatial changes between the nave and the side aisles break the sense of equilibrium of classical architecture.

With the development of Romanesque architecture, the nave became higher and higher. In order to reduce and balance the transverse vertebral force of the soaring nave on the foot of the arch, and make the vault to adapt to different sizes and forms of the plane, and later created the Gothic architecture. The contribution of Romanesque architecture as a transitional form lies not only in the combination of heavy structures with vertically ascending dynamics, but also in its success in organizing tall towers into a complete composition of a building for the first time in the history of architecture.

Famous examples of Romanesque architecture include: the main church complex in Pisa, Italy, and the main church in Worms, Germany.

4, Gothic architecture

Gothic architecture is the second half of the 11th century originated in France, the 13th to 15th century popular in Europe, an architectural style. Mainly seen in the Catholic Church, but also affects the secular architecture. Gothic architecture with its superior technical and artistic achievements, in the history of architecture occupies an important position.

The structural system of the Gothic church consists of a skeleton coupon of stone and a flying buttress. Its basic unit is in a square or rectangular plane at the corners of the columns to make a double center of the skeleton pointed coupons, one on each of the four sides and diagonal, roof slate frame on the coupons, forming a vault. With this method, you can make coupons with the same vector height on different spans, with light weight vaults and clear intersecting lines, which reduces the thrust of the coupon feet and simplifies the construction.

Flying handrail by the side of the hall outside the pillar pier coupon, balancing the foot of the hall arch side thrust. In order to increase stability, often in the pillar pier spire. As a result of the use of pointed coupons, pointed arches and flying buttresses, the Gothic church's interior space is high and open, simple, unified. Decorative details such as flaps, niches, etc. are also used for the theme of pointed coupons, architectural style and structural techniques to form an organic whole.

5, Renaissance architecture

Renaissance architecture is the history of European architecture after the emergence of Gothic architecture, an architectural style. In the fifteenth century in Italy, after the spread to other parts of Europe, the formation of the Renaissance architecture with their own characteristics of each country. Italian Renaissance architecture occupies the most important position in Renaissance architecture.

The most obvious characteristic of Renaissance architecture is that it abandoned the Gothic architectural style of the medieval period and re-adopted the columnar elements of the Graeco-Roman period in religious and secular buildings.

Renaissance architects and artists believed that Gothic architecture was a symbol of Christian theocracy, while ancient Greek and Roman architecture was non-Christian. They believed that such classical architecture, especially classical columnar compositions, symbolized harmony and rationality, and shared a similarity with the beauty of the human body, which were in line with the Renaissance movement's concept of humanism.

But the Italian Renaissance architects were by no means antiquated people. Although some (such as Palladio and Vignola) in their writings to develop a strict norm for the classical columnar . But the architects of the time, including Palladio and Vignola themselves, were not bound by norms.

They used classical columns, but they were also flexible and innovative, even integrating regional architectural styles with classical columns. They also applied many scientific and technological achievements of the Renaissance, such as the achievements in mechanics, the rules of perspective in painting, and new construction machines, to the practice of architectural creation.

In the Renaissance, the building type, building form, building form are more than before. Architects in the creation of both the unified style of the times, but also attaches great importance to the expression of their own artistic personality. In short, the Renaissance architecture, especially the Italian Renaissance architecture, showing unprecedented prosperity, is the world's architectural history of a period of great development and great improvement.

It is generally believed that the completion of the fifteenth century Florence cathedral, marking the beginning of the Renaissance architecture. On the question of when the Renaissance architecture ended, there are still different views in the architectural history. Some scholars believe that until the end of the 18th century, there are nearly four hundred years belong to the period of Renaissance architecture. Another view is that the Italian Renaissance architecture to the beginning of the seventeenth century on the end of the Baroque architectural style.

The formation and continuation of Renaissance architecture outside of Italy presents a complex, convoluted and heterogeneous situation. Architectural historians do not agree on the nature and duration of Renaissance architecture in other countries. Nevertheless, the architectural historians still recognized that the Renaissance architecture centered in Italy, the next few hundred years of Europe and many other regions of the architectural style has had a wide and lasting impact.

6, Baroque architecture

Baroque architecture in the 17th to 18th century in Italy on the basis of Renaissance architecture developed a style of architecture and decoration. Characterized by its free shape, the pursuit of dynamic, preferring rich decorations and carvings, strong colors, commonly used interspersed curved surfaces and oval space.

The original meaning of the word Baroque is strange and eccentric, and the classicists used it to refer to this architectural style, which was considered to be deviant. This style played an important role in opposing the rigid classical form, the pursuit of free-spirited style and expression of secular interest, etc., on the city square, garden art and even literature and art departments have an impact, once widely popular in Europe.

7, Rococo style

Rococo style is an architectural style, mainly in the interior decoration. 1820s in France, was developed on the basis of Baroque architecture.

Rococo style is characterized by: interior application of bright colors and slim decorations, furniture is also very delicate and on the cumbersome side, unlike the Baroque style as a strong color, decorative and intense. Southern Germany and Austria Rococo architecture of the interior space is very complex.

Rococo decoration is characterized by: delicate and feminine, often using asymmetrical techniques, like to use curved lines and S-shaped lines, especially the use of shells, whirlpools, rocks as a decorative theme, rolled grass, Shu Hua, tangled coiled, connected into one. The ceiling and walls are sometimes connected by curved surfaces, and frescoes are arranged at the corners.

In order to imitate the natural form, indoor building components are often made into asymmetrical shapes, varied, but sometimes flow in the artifice. Indoor wall painting, love with soft green, pink, rose red and other bright light colors, most of the line with gold. Indoor siding sometimes with wooden panels, sometimes made of delicate frame, frame around a circle of lace, often lined with light-colored Oriental brocade in the middle.

Rococo style reflects the French court aristocracy in the era of Louis XV interest in life, was popular in Europe. The masterpiece of this style is the Princess Salon of the House of Sobies in Paris and the Queen's apartments in the Palace of Versailles.

8, Romantic architecture

Romantic architecture is the second half of the 18th century to the second half of the 19th century, Europe and the United States in a number of countries in literature and art under the influence of Romanticism trend popularized a style of architecture.

Romanticism emphasizes individuality in art, advocates naturalism, and advocates the use of medieval art style to compete with the classical art of the academy. This trend of thinking in architecture is manifested in the pursuit of superlative fun and exoticism.

The 1860s to the 1830s , is the first stage of the development of Romantic architecture, also known as the first Romanticism. The emergence of the medieval castle-style mansions, and even Eastern-style architectural vignettes. The nineteen-thirties to seventies is the second stage of Romantic architecture, which has developed into a kind of architectural creation trend. It is also known as Gothic Revival architecture due to the pursuit of medieval Gothic architectural style.

9, Classical Revival Architecture

Classical Revival Architecture is popular in Europe and the United States from the eighteenth century 60s to the nineteenth century in some countries, the use of strict ancient Greek and Roman form of the building, also known as neo-classical architecture .

At that time, people were influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment, revered ancient Greek and Roman culture. In terms of architecture, the ancient Roman square, triumphal arch and memorial buildings such as the columns have become an example to follow. Archaeology at that time made a lot of achievements, ancient Greek and Roman architectural art treasures unearthed in large quantities, for the realization of this idea provides good conditions.

The use of classical revival architectural style is mainly parliament, courts, banks, exchanges, museums, theaters and other public **** buildings and some monumental buildings. This architectural style has little impact on general housing, churches, schools, etc.

France in the late eighteenth century, the early nineteenth century is the center of the European bourgeois revolution, but also the center of the classical revival architectural activities. The French Revolution has been in Paris before the construction of the Pantheon such classical buildings, Napoleonic era in Paris built many monumental buildings, including the majestic triumphal arch, the Madeleine Church, etc. are ancient Roman architectural style replica.

The United Kingdom to revive the Greek architectural forms, typical examples for the Edinburgh High School, London's Britannia Museum, etc., the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, Germany, Schenkel designed the Berlin Court Theater and the Altas Museum are also revived Greek architectural forms; Brandenburg Gate to the Acropolis of Acropolis of the mountain gate as a blueprint.

Before the United States independence, the architectural shape of the European style, known as the "colonial style". After independence, the U.S. bourgeoisie to get rid of colonial rule at the same time, trying to get rid of the architectural "colonial style", with the help of Greece, Rome, the classical architecture to show democracy, freedom, glory and independence, and thus the Classical Revival architecture in the U.S. prevailed for a while.

The U.S. Capitol is a typical example. It is modeled after the Pantheon in Paris, trying to show majesty and emphasizing monumentality. Greek architectural form of monumental buildings and public **** building in the United States is also more popular, the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. is an example.

10, eclectic architecture

Eclectic architecture is the first half of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century, in Europe and the United States, a popular architectural style. Eclectic architects arbitrarily imitate the history of various architectural styles, or free combination of various architectural forms, they do not seek a fixed French, only seek proportion and balance, focusing on the pure form of beauty.

With the development of society, there is a need for a rich variety of buildings to meet different requirements. In the nineteenth century, the convenience of transportation, the progress of archaeology, the development of the publishing industry, coupled with the invention of photographic technology, all help people to recognize and master the past various eras and regions of the architectural heritage. As a result, Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Medieval, Renaissance and Oriental architecture was present in many cities.

Eclectic architecture in the mid-nineteenth century in France is the most typical, the Higher Institute of Fine Arts in Paris was the center of the spread of eclectic art and architecture. At the end of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century, the United States is the most prominent. In general, the eclectic architectural trend remained conservative and did not create new architectural forms in accordance with the new building materials and techniques that were emerging at the time.

Representatives of eclectic architecture are: Paris Opera House, which is an important monument of the Second French Empire, the theater fa?ade imitation of the Italian late Baroque architectural style, and mixed into the complicated carvings, which has a great influence on the architecture of the European countries;

11, functionalist architecture

Functionalism architecture is the belief that the form of the building should be subordinate to the function of its school of architecture. Since ancient times many buildings have focused on function, but in the late nineteenth century, some architects in Europe and the United States in order to oppose the academy's pursuit of form, not to speak of the design of functional ideas, to explore the road to a new building, and then the building's role in the function of the building is highlighted.

With the development of the modernist architectural movement, functionalism was popular in the 1920s and 1930s. Originally, to emphasize the function of the building is one of the important points of view of the modernist architectural movement, but later some people take it as an absolute creed, known as "functionalists". They believe that not only the form of the building must reflect the function, performance function, building layout and space combination must be based on function, and all the different functions of the components should also be expressed separately.

The twentieth century 20 ~ 30 years appeared another kind of functionalist, mainly some builders and engineers. They believed that an economically "affordable" building was a functional building, which automatically produced beautiful forms. These extreme ideas rejected the artistic laws of architecture itself, and only caused confusion for functionalism itself.

After the 1950s, functionalism gradually disappeared, and even Le 6.1 Corbusier, who emphasized the function of architecture, separated from the functionalists. But there is no doubt that functionalism played an important role in advancing the development of modern architecture.

12, modernist architecture

Modernist architecture refers to the middle of the twentieth century, in the western architectural world dominated a kind of architectural thinking. Representatives of this architecture advocate: architects to get rid of the traditional forms of architecture, boldly create a new building adapted to the conditions of industrialized society, the requirements of the new building. Therefore, it has a distinctive rationalism and radicalism, also known as modernist architecture.

Modernist architectural thinking arose in the late nineteenth century, matured in the 1920s, and became popular around the world in the 1950s and 1960s. Since the 1960s, some people think that modernist architecture has become obsolete, and some people think that the basic principles of modernist architecture are still correct, but need to be amended and supplemented.Since the 1970s, some literature in the reference to modernist architecture, but also with the "20s" or "orthodox" words. "

19th century

In 1919, the German architect Gropius became rector of the Bauhaus. Under his presidency, the Bauhaus became one of Europe's most radical centers of art and architecture in the 1920s, spurring an architectural renewal movement. The German architect Mies?6?1 van der Rohe also published a series of essays in the early 1920s, presenting new ideas and schematic representations of the architecture of the future.

In the mid-20s, Gropius, Le ?6?1 Corbusier, Mies ?6?1 Van der Rohe and others designed and built some buildings with new styles. Among them, the more influential are Gropius's Bauhaus schoolhouse, Le 6.1 Corbusier's Villa Savoy, the Swiss student dormitory in Paris and his design of the League of Nations building in Geneva, the German Pavilion at the Barcelona Expo of Mies 6.1 Van der Rohe, and so on. Under the influence of these three architects, in the late 20's, Europe - some young architects, such as the Finnish architect Aalto also designed some excellent new buildings.

Unlike the academic architects, Gropius and others were quite concerned about the mass construction of housing for ordinary people, and some of them also made scientific research on this.

In 1927, under the auspices of Mies?6.1 van der Rohe, a housing exhibition was held in Stuttgart, Germany, which had a great influence on the research of residential architecture and the formation of new architectural styles. 1928, 42 representatives of innovative architects from 12 countries gathered in Switzerland to establish the International Association of Modern Architecture, and the name of "modernist architecture" was also spread around.

In 1928, 42 representatives of innovation architects from 12 countries met in Switzerland to form the International Association of Modern Architecture.

From the remarks and actual works of Gropius, Le 6.1 Corbusier, Mies 6.1 Van der Rohe and others, it can be seen that the "modernist architecture" they advocated was to emphasize that architecture should develop with the times, and that modern architecture should be compatible with the industrialized society; to emphasize that the architects should study and solve the practical function and economic problems of the building; and to advocate the positive development of modern architecture, and to emphasize the need to solve the practical function and economic problems of the building. Practical function and economic problems; advocate the active use of new materials, new structures, new materials, new structures in the architectural design to play the characteristics; advocate resolutely get rid of outdated architectural styles, let go of the shackles to create a new architectural style; advocate the development of new architectural aesthetics, to create a new style of architecture.

The representatives of modernist architecture advocate new principles of architectural aesthetics. These include the unity of expression and means of construction; the cooperation of architectural form and internal function; the logic of architectural image; flexible and balanced asymmetrical composition; simple treatment and pure body shape; and drawing on the new achievements of visual art in architectural art.

Some people call these architectural views "functionalism", others "rationalism", but more people call it "modernism".

In the 20s and 30s of the 20th century, architects who held modernist architectural ideas designed buildings with some similar formal features, such as flat roofs, asymmetrical layouts, glossy white walls, simple gable treatments, windows of varying sizes, and little or no use of decorative stitching, and so on. This kind of architectural image appeared in many countries, so some people gave it a name called "international style" architecture, of course, such a name is on some of its surface form.

Modernist architectural thought spread rapidly from Western Europe to the rest of the world in the 1930s. Because of the German fascist regime's hostility to new architectural views, Gropius and Mies?6?1 van der Rohe were forced to move to the United States in succession; the Bauhaus schools were seized. But the Bauhaus teaching content and design ideas have had a profound impact on architectural education around the world.

Modernist architectural ideas were first implemented in practical building types such as factories, primary and secondary school buildings, hospitals, libraries, and mass-produced residential buildings; in the 1950s, they were also realized in monumental and national buildings, such as the United Nations Headquarters Building and the Brazilian Parliament Building. By the middle of the twentieth century, Modernism dominated the world's architectural trends.

13. Postmodernist Architecture

Since the 1960s, there has been a trend in the United States and Western Europe to oppose or revise modernist architecture. After the end of World War II, modernist architecture became the dominant architectural trend in many parts of the world. But within the modernist architectural camp there were soon divisions , and some people were skeptical and critical of modernist architectural views and styles.

In 1966, the American architect Venturi, in his book The Complexity and Contradiction of Architecture, put forward a set of architectural theories and propositions in opposition to modernist architecture, which aroused vibration and response in the architectural world, especially among young architects and architecture students. In the 1970s, the tendency to oppose and deviate from modernism in the architectural field became stronger. For this tendency, there have been different names, such as "anti-modernism", "after modernism" and "post-modernism", the latter is more widely used.

There is no unanimous understanding of what postmodernism is and what are the main features of postmodernist architecture. American architect Stern proposed three characteristics of postmodernist architecture: the use of decoration; symbolic or metaphorical; and integration with the existing environment.

Now, it is generally believed that it was Venturi who really gave postmodernism a more complete guiding idea, and although he himself did not want to be regarded as a postmodernist, his words had an extremely important role in inspiring and promoting the postmodernist movement.

Venturi criticized modernist architects for being so eager to innovate that they forgot that they should be "experts in maintaining tradition". Venturi's approach to maintaining tradition was to "utilize traditional components and introduce new ones as appropriate to form a unique whole" and to "combine traditional components through non-traditional methods". He advocated drawing on folk architectural practices, particularly appreciating the spontaneous built environment of the American commercial street. Venturi summarized that "for the artist, innovation may mean picking and choosing from the old existing stuff." Indeed, this is the basic creative approach of postmodernist architects.

Western architectural magazines in the 1970s trumpeted postmodernist architectural works, but in reality until the mid-1980s, representative postmodernist architecture, both in Western Europe and in the United States are still very few. More typical of the United States Oberlin College Ellen Museum of Art extension, the United States Portland Municipal Building, the United States Telephone and Telegraph Building, the United States Philadelphia Senior Citizens Apartments and so on.

In 1976, built in Ohio, the United States, Oberlin College Ellen Museum of Art extension connected to the old museum, the wall color, pattern and the original building echo. In a corner, isolated a wooden, deformed Ionian columns, short, thick, short and fat, funny and ridiculous, get a nickname called "Mickey Mouse Ionian". This treatment reflects the approach advocated by Venturi: it is a fragment, a decoration, a symbol, and an example of "combining traditional parts in an unconventional way".

The U.S. Telephone and Telegraph Building, completed in 1984 by Johnson, is located on Madison Avenue in the bustling Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Johnson made the exterior of this high-rise building look like a stone building. The bottom of the building has a tall stone colonnade; a round arch in the center is 33 meters high; the top of the building is made to have a circular notch in the wall, some people describe the roof from a distance looks like an old wooden clock. Johnson explained that he intended to inherit the style of the old New York skyscrapers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Smith, an American architect, is considered one of the leading postmodernist architects in the United States. His design for the Tuscan and Laurentian residences consisted of two small dwellings, one in the Spanish style and the other partially in the classical form of three orange classical columns asymmetrically affixed to the facade.

In 1980, the Architectural Exhibition of the Venice Biennale was recognized as a world exhibition of postmodernist architecture. The exhibition was held in a 16th-century arsenal in Venice, Italy, where 20 architects from all over the world were invited to design a temporary facade, forming a 70-meter-long street inside the factory. The theme of the exhibition was "The Presentation of History".

The architects invited were Venturi and Szemur of the United States, Stern, Graves and Smith, Shin Isozaki of Japan, Porto Gessi of Italy, and Bofill of Spain. These post-modernist or quasi-post-modernist architects, the history of the architectural form of the fragment, each according to the non-traditional way of expression in their own works.

Postmodernism is viewed very differently and is often related to the view of modernist architecture. Some believe that modernism focuses only on functional, technological and economic influences, ignoring and severing the link between new and traditional architecture, and thus fails to meet the demands of the general public for architecture. In particular, they accuse the international-style architecture associated with modernism of failing to harmonize with the original architectural cultures of various ethnic groups and regions and of destroying the original built environment.

In addition, after the energy crisis of the 1970s, many people believed that modernist architecture was no more economical than traditional architecture, and that attitudes toward traditional architecture needed to be changed. It was also argued that modernism reflected the requirements of the industrial revolution and the period of industrialization, a period which some developed countries had already passed, and therefore modernism was no longer appropriate for the new situation. Those who hold these views look to postmodernism.

Opponents of postmodernism believe that modernist architecture will evolve with the times and that the basic principles of modernism should not be denied. They think: modernism is right to combine architectural design and creation of architectural art with the conditions of social and material production, and it is right to advocate that architects should be concerned about social issues. On the contrary, the post-modernists are concerned mainly with decoration, symbols, metaphorical tradition, history, while ignoring many practical problems.

On the question of form, the postmodernists engaged in a new eclecticism and manipulationism, something superficial. Therefore, those who oppose postmodernism that: modernism is a comprehensive revolution in architectural thinking, and postmodernism is just a popular style of architecture, can not be long , the social and historical significance of the two can not be compared.

There are also those who believe that the postmodernists are justified in pointing out the shortcomings of modernism, but the prescription is not desirable. It is argued that the actual works that the postmodernists have produced so far are, as far as form is concerned, clumsy and mediocre, and do not rise to the occasion. It is also argued that the postmodernists have not come up with any serious theories, but they have broken the mold in terms of architectural form, and their work is inspiring.