What are the organic fertilizers that can be used in organic farming

Types of traditional organic fertilizers

Human manure fertilizer

Human manure fertilizer is nitrogen-based organic fertilizers, fast-rotting, fertilizer effect is obvious, but contains organic matter, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrients are less, for the correction of the soil is not very useful, it is a kind of quick-acting fertilizer. At the same time also contains a lot of germs and parasitic eggs, need to be fully stored after fermentation, so that the organic state of the nutrients into quick-acting fertilizer crops to absorb, while the ripening process kills the germs and eggs can be used. In the process of rotting, do not add grass ash, lime and other alkaline substances to it, which will make the nitrogen into ammonia volatilization loss. It is also inappropriate to sun-dry the manure, because more than 40% of the nitrogen will be lost in the process of sun-drying, while polluting the environment. You can add hay, fallen leaves, peat and other absorbent materials in the composting process, which can reduce the loss of nitrogen.

Human manure and urine fertilizer can be used as base fertilizer, fertilizer. Do base fertilizer is generally applied 500 to 1000kg per mu, dryland fertilizer should be diluted with water 3 to 4 times, watering the soil cover. Paddy field application should be drained first, diluted 2 ~ 3 times splashed into the sky, combined with plowing so that the fertilizer is adsorbed by the soil, every 2 ~ 3 days and then irrigation. Crops sensitive to chlorine (such as potatoes, melons, sugar beets, etc.) should not be over-applied. In order to better cultivate the ground strength, it should be applied in conjunction with organic fertilizers such as stable manure and compost. Human urine should not be applied on leafy vegetables, tubers and tuberous roots; when it is needed on other plants, it should be fully rotted and harmlessly treated, and should not come into contact with the edible parts of plants.

Stable fertilizer

Stable fertilizer is livestock manure and urine and a variety of gasket materials mixed into the fertilizer, also known as circle fertilizer. Different livestock and feeding conditions, differences in gasket materials, so that the stable fertilizer composition has a big difference. General stable fertilizer contains an average of 25% organic matter, nitrogen 0.5%, all phosphorus (P2O5) 0.25%, all potassium (K2O) 0.6%. With the same gasket material, the nutrient content is highest in sheep stable manure, followed by horse stable manure, and then pig and cattle stable manure.

The nutrients in fresh stable manure are mainly compounds such as cellulose and hemicellulose in the organic state, with large C/N ratios, which must be piled up and rotted before they can be absorbed and utilized by the crop. Stable manure is rich in organic matter, so it has a long after-effect and good soil modification, especially to promote low-yield field soil maturation is very obvious. Most of the nutrients in stable fertilizer are late-acting, and the nutrients are released slowly, so it is generally used as base fertilizer, and the dosage is generally 300-750kg/mu. Rotting high-quality stable fertilizer or stable liquid can be used as a follow-up fertilizer, can also be used as seedbed soil and nutrient soil ingredients.

Heap (compost) fertilizer

Heap (compost) fertilizer is straw, leaves, weeds and other materials, add a certain amount of mixed human and animal feces and urine, soil and other piles (composting). Compost is divided into ordinary compost and high temperature compost two methods. Compost is rich in organic matter, low C / N value, nutrients are mostly fast-acting state, rich in potassium, is a good organic fertilizer to supplement the source of potassium. Heap (compost) fertilizer stable, long after-effects, nutrients comprehensive, is a more ideal organic fertilizer varieties.

In addition, high-quality heap (compost) fertilizer also contains vitamins, growth factors and a variety of micronutrients nutrients, long-term application can play a role in cultivating fertilizer to change the role of the soil. Generally used as a base fertilizer combined with tillage into the soil fertilizer fusion, the dosage is generally 1500 ~ 2500kg / mu, more spreading, ditching or cave application. Composting (composting) of raw materials can not contain sewage sludge, composting (composting) process such as adding microbial agents should be careful not to contain genetically modified components.

Biogas fertilizer

Crop straw, animal and human feces and urine, weeds and other organic materials, in the closed biogas digester by the smoky fermentation of biogas after the residue and fertilizer, that is, biogas fertilizer. The nutrient content of biogas fertilizer depends on the proportion of ingredients, acidity and alkalinity, fermentation temperature, degree of confinement, moisture and inoculation of biogas bacteria. Biogas fertilizer is a mineralized and humus fertilizer, fast-acting and late-acting nutrients, high humus content and rich in hormones and vitamins.

Biogas contains 0.5%~1.2% of total nitrogen, 50~300mg/kg of quick-acting phosphorus, 0.17%~0.32% of quick-acting potassium, and 0.07%~0.09% of total nitrogen, 20~90mg/kg of quick-acting phosphorus, and 0.04%~0.17% of quick-acting potassium, and it also contains boron, copper, and iron, and a large amount of organic matter, amino acids and vitamins. Vitamins and so on. Biogas is suitable for base fertilizer, the application amount per mu is about 1600kg, and the biogas is suitable for follow-up fertilizer, the application amount per mu is about 2000kg, which should be applied in deep furrow to reduce the loss of fertilizer effect. Biogas can also be used for foliar spraying, seed dipping and aphid killing. Excessive application of biogas fertilizer will lead to crop lengthening, row closure, resulting in yield reduction. Biogas fertilizer can not be mixed with grass ash, lime and other alkaline fertilizers, so as not to cause the loss of nitrogen fertilizer, reducing the effectiveness of fertilizer.

Cake fertilizer

Cake fertilizer is the residue left after the extraction of oil from the seeds of oil crops, there are many types of cake fertilizer in China, mainly soybean cake, rapeseed cake, peanut cake, sesame seed cake, cottonseed cake, tea seed cake. Cake fertilizer is rich in organic matter and protein, organic matter content of 75% to 85% or so, nitrogen content up to 7%, so farmers often apply cake fertilizer as nitrogen fertilizer. Cake fertilizer is a high-quality organic fertilizer, complete nutrients, long-lasting fertilizer.

But cake fertilizer contains certain oil and fatty acid compounds, and nutrients exist in organic form, so it must be applied after fermentation to enable the crop to absorb nutrients and avoid the harmful effects of oil cake. The general dosage is 150~225kg/mu, which can be used as base fertilizer and follow-up fertilizer, and it is suitable to be applied in the soil 10~20cm deep. Since organic agriculture rejects genetically modified technology, the raw materials that make up the cake fertilizer must be non-genetically modified.

Straw fertilizer

Straw is a by-product of crop harvesting, straw is rich in variety and quantity, such as rice straw, wheat straw, corn stalks, soybean stalks, etc., which is a valuable organic matter resource. Returning straw to the field can increase soil organic matter, improve soil structure, loosen the soil, increase the degree of void, and promote the vitality of soil microorganisms and the development of crop roots.

The application of straw-based organic fertilizers is conducive to enhancing crop resistance. At present, China's straw is composted to the field (compost, compost, swamp fertilizer, etc.), over the abdomen to the field (cattle, horses, pigs, sheep and other livestock feces and urine) and direct return to the field (straw crushed sprinkled or leave high stubble after turning pressure, surface cover) three ways. The direct return of straw to the field should be adapted to local conditions, do not return diseased straw directly to the field, so as not to cause the spread of pests and diseases.

Green manure

Any plant green body as fertilizer, called green manure. China's green manure crops are mainly purple daffodil, camas, yellow clover, grass mignonette, broad beans and other more than 20 kinds. Green manure crops are generally adaptable, fast-growing, high yield of fresh grass, high organic matter content, and contains a variety of trace elements, tilling the season after a significant increase in yield, is a high-quality organic fertilizer source.

Green manure can increase the soil nutrients, improve soil physical and chemical properties, can cover the ground to prevent soil erosion, to improve the ecological environment, water purification and other significant role. The use of green manure is directly turning, composting and over the belly to three kinds of field. Green manure tillage should be mastered in fresh grass yield and fertilizer content of the highest total, tillage depth is generally 10 ~ 20cm better, green manure dosage is generally 1000 ~ 2000kg / mu, with the application of lime, can strengthen the decomposition of green manure.

Livestock and poultry manure

Livestock and poultry manure is a good organic fertilizer. With the booming development of modern farming, livestock and poultry manure is a non-negligible source of organic fertilizer. Livestock and poultry manure is high in nutrients, fast-acting fertilizer, mostly used as base fertilizer or follow-up fertilizer. Whether it is applied as base fertilizer or follow-up fertilizer, it must be harmlessly treated to kill insect eggs, germs and grass seeds. Organic agriculture production process, should try to use non-intensive farms produce livestock and poultry manure as raw materials for the production of organic fertilizer. If you add microbial agents in the putrefaction process, you should be careful not to include genetically modified components.