Compulsory History Unit 1 Notes on China's Ancient Thought and Technology

Three. The Evolution of China's Mainstream Thought of Traditional Culture

1. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a hundred schools of thought contended.

Concept: A hundred schools of thought contend, and a hundred schools of thought contend with Confucius, Mencius and Xun.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, "a hundred schools of thought contend" was the first ideological emancipation movement in China's history, which laid the foundation of China's traditional cultural system. Among them, Taoism, Confucianism, Legalism and Mohism are the most important schools of thought. Confucianism is the political ideal and moral standard that gave birth to China's traditional culture, while Taoism constitutes the philosophical basis of China's traditional thought for more than two thousand years. The fundamental reason for the contention of a hundred schools of thought is the great social change.

The core of Confucianism founded by Confucius is "benevolence", which contains people-oriented thought; What he said, "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", is of practical significance for building a harmonious society today.

Mencius developed Confucius' "benevolence" into "benevolent government" and further put forward the idea that "the people are more valuable than the monarch", which is called "Yasheng".

(4) Xunzi also put forward the famous viewpoint of "managing the ship and benefiting the people". His other proposition, "Mastering destiny and using it", has materialistic thoughts. He was a master of a hundred schools of thought contending during the Warring States Period.

2. Confucianism became the orthodox thought in Han Dynasty.

Concept: Dong Zhongshu's Neo-Confucianism system "ousts a hundred schools of thought and respects Confucianism alone"

The study of Huang Lao dominated in the early Han Dynasty. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu developed Confucianism and formed a new Confucian system. His thought of "the unity of heaven and man" and "the unification of spring and autumn" and his suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" are conducive to the strengthening of autocratic centralization and the consolidation of national unity in the Han Dynasty, which was fully affirmed and adopted by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Since then, Confucianism has established its dominant position in China's traditional culture.

3. Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties

View: the unity of the three religions, Zhu's neo-Confucianism and his new psychology "to conscience"

Neo-Confucianism is a new development of Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties, and its two schools are Neo-Confucianism in Zhu Cheng and Neo-Confucianism in Wang Lu. They are all centered on "reason" and "natural reason"; However, in the method of seeking "reason", the former advocates "learning from others" and the latter advocates "inventing the initial heart" and "leading the conscience"; Their essential intention is to maintain the feudal ruling order.

(2) In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu was a Confucian thinker second only to Confucius and Mencius, and his academic thoughts had a great influence on the later feudal society in China.

4. Confucianism in Ming and Qing Dynasties

Concept: Critical Function Zong Xi Gu Wang Fuzhi

The development of commodity economy and the decline of feudal system are the roots of ideological criticism in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

② Li Zhi, a thinker in Ming Dynasty, pointed the finger at feudal ethics and the whole orthodox thought, and pursued the liberation of personality. He is a pioneer of anti-feudal thought.

Three progressive thinkers in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties condemned the monarch as "the great harm to the world" and advocated "industry and commerce as the foundation" by Huang Zongxi; "Every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world" is a summary of Gu's thought, and both he and Wang Fuzhi advocate "putting the world to use".

4. Ancient science, technology, literature and art in China.

1. Scientific and technological achievements

Concept: Four outstanding inventions of astronomical calendar, mathematics, agriculture and medicine and their spread and influence.

(1) Astronomy: The Shi Xing Biao in the Warring States Period was the earliest catalog in the world. It is the first time in the history of the world that a monk and his party presided over the measured length in the Tang Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, Guo Shoujing designed the "Jane Instrument", which was more than 300 years earlier than the similar musical instruments in Europe. The chronicle compiled by him is the most accurate calendar in ancient China.

② Mathematics: China is the first country in the world to use decimal notation. Nine Chapters of Arithmetic in the Eastern Han Dynasty marked the formation of a mathematical system centered on calculation in ancient China. Zu Chongzhi, a mathematician in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, made Pi accurate to the seventh place after the decimal point, which was earlier than the world 1 0,000 years.

③ Agronomy: The Book of Qi Yao Min written by Jia Sixie in the Northern Dynasties is the first complete agronomy work of China. In Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi was known as "the pioneer of modern science in China", and his "Agricultural Administration Complete Book" reflected the scientific, innovative and advanced nature of agricultural books.

④ Medicine: Huangdi Neijing, compiled by the Warring States and written in the Western Han Dynasty, laid the foundation of TCM theory. Zhang Zhongjing's Treatise on Febrile Diseases in the Eastern Han Dynasty laid the theoretical foundation of clinical therapeutics of traditional Chinese medicine. Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica in Ming Dynasty is the highest achievement of China's ancient pharmacology.

⑤ The four great inventions were mainly introduced to the West by Arabs, among which movable type printing was introduced to Europe, which promoted the European Renaissance and religious reform; The application of compass in navigation provides conditions for geographical discovery and the development of the world market.

2. The origin and evolution of Chinese characters and the development of calligraphy and painting.

Concept: the origin and evolution of Chinese calligraphy and painting in Wei, Jin, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.

① The evolution of Chinese characters has gone through the process from Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang and Zhou Dynasties to inscriptions on bronze, seal script, official script and regular script.

② China's calligraphy and painting have the same origin since ancient times. Both the conscious art of calligraphy and the real Chinese painting began to appear in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. At that time, the famous calligrapher was Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and his masterpiece Preface to Lanting was praised as "the best running script in the world". Gu Kaizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty was the first painter in China's painting history who had an examination of his works.

(3) The Tang Dynasty was the heyday of regular script, represented by Ou Yangxun, Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan; Cursive script is one of the most artistic styles, and the outstanding representative in the Tang Dynasty is "crazy element". The Tang Dynasty was also the heyday of China's painting history, and the representative figure of the painting style in the heyday was Wu Daozi, the "painting sage". In addition, during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, murals in Dunhou Mogao Grottoes flourished.

④ The literati landscape painting in Song Dynasty developed into an independent painting, genre painting was the biggest highlight of the painting circle at that time, and its most historical and artistic work was The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival created by Zhang Zeduan in Northern Song Dynasty. During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, literati made the most outstanding achievements in literati painting.

3. Literary achievements

Concepts: The Book of Songs and Chu Ci, Han Fu, Tang Poetry, Song Ci, Yuan Qu, Ming and Qing novels.

(1) China's earliest poetry anthology The Book of Songs laid a fine tradition of realism in China's classical literature. The main author of Songs of the South is Qu Yuan. Prosperity, openness and cultural diversity in the Tang Dynasty are important conditions for the prosperity of Tang poetry. The two schools of Song Ci are graceful and unconstrained. Yuanqu is named after Sanqu and Yuanzaju.

(2) Novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties developed from Tang legends and scripts in Song and Yuan Dynasties, and the development of commodity economy and the rise and growth of the civil class were the reasons for the prosperity of novels; Represented by "Sanyan" and "Erpai", businessmen are described as the objects of praise for the first time. The monument of China's ancient satirical novels is The Scholars in the early Qing Dynasty.

4. The emergence and development of Peking Opera and other operas.

Concept: The rise of Kunqu Opera and Peking Opera in Yuan Dynasty.

① The symbol of the maturity of China's ancient operas is Yuan Zaju, and Guan Hanqing is the most famous of the "Four Masters of Yuan Opera". Kunqu Opera, which was formed in Ming Dynasty, was named as "masterpiece of oral and intangible heritage of mankind" by UNESCO in 200 1 year, and it is a valuable cultural heritage of all mankind.

② Peking Opera is the product of the confluence of Hui and Han in Qianlong and Daoguang years. In the same light-year, Peking Opera matured and ushered in its first prosperous period, and the "Thirteen Musts of Tongguang" came into being. Later, it became the biggest popular drama in China.