Causes of population urbanization

So far, the human world has experienced three major changes in settlement types and settlement organizations.

Change. The first great revolution was from fishing and hunting to agriculture, which took place in the Neolithic Age. It allows humans to go from

There was no settlement at all, and it was not until semi-permanent farming and pastoral cottages appeared that the transition to rural settlements with settlements took place.

Today it is called the village. The semi-permanent cottage stage existed for 5000 years, which was backward farming at that time.

The decision that industry is not enough to sustain population growth. Once the soil fertility fails, the whole bungalow is forced to move.

Even if the population of a single village grows, it is necessary to split into smaller groups and find new places to live.

Minimum per capita arable land certificate. From prehistoric times to the emergence of settlements, the whole human race may be only a few million at most.

Due to the adoption of settled agriculture, the population soon reached tens of millions.

The second big change is the emergence of cities. From the Neolithic Age to the era of urban life, about

Experienced 1500 years. The result of settlement promoted the development of agricultural technology. Irrigation and agricultural technology

Progress has produced surplus agricultural products, making it possible for some laborers to be liberated to engage in construction and handicrafts.

Industry and service industry further complicate the social division of labor. The use of wheels changes people from sliding to walking.

Liberated from the heavy traffic and transportation, the ability of population flow, interpersonal communication and transportation has changed first.

A leap. Generally speaking, a village cannot support those full-time craftsmen, artists and other non-agricultural workers.

Working population. At first, they had to wander between villages to make a living. Gradually in the convenient and safe traffic.

All, densely populated places gather into a city. Settlement has also improved the living conditions of people and buildings.

The quality and fastness of materials are constantly improving. These economic factors have promoted the growth of population, and as a result, villages

Zhuang became a market town and a city.

In the process of the evolution from scattered village economy to highly organized urban economy, the most important participation

The variable is the king, or the monarchy. It was he who occupied the center and put everything in like a magnet.

Emerging forces were attracted to the center of urban civilization and put palaces and temples under his control.

Go down. The king sometimes established some new towns, and sometimes transformed rural towns into cities, and sent a chief executive.

Take his place. The king's rule made these cities undergo essential changes in form and content.

Religion may also play an important role. The leader of the hunting tribe, with the help of monks,

Only with support can we gain great power and authority and finally rise to the status of king.

It is believed that the "small town" in the process of city formation, that is, the castle, may have been originally designed to worship the gods.

Yes, it's religious. Of course, it is also a storage point, safely storing the private affairs of chiefs.

Production, mainly food, and maybe women. Only later did it show the actual effect of its military defense.

Use. The kingship system expanded the functions of the monk class and made the monk class occupy a dominant position in society. male

Children are in charge of time and space and predict seasonal events. Temples also have a rich economic foundation.

The various forces produced by the integration of kingship and theocracy combine various primitive factors of the city into

Together, it has a new form. The owner of the castle dominates the fate of the city, thus limiting the maximum.

The degree of social differentiation and occupational differentiation is the development process of unity and integration. The process of city formation mentioned above is actually very long. In a nutshell, the city is finished.

Now it is roughly consistent with the emergence of class and state and the rise of slave ownership.

Lewis mumford (1895 ~ 1990) even thought it was new.

Stone culture is not enough to form a city. The origin of the city is two prehistoric cultures, namely Paleolithic culture and Neolithic culture.

The result of the close combination of stone culture. This combination led to the first space gathering of human culture.

He called this process the earliest urban agglomeration process. This is the embryonic period of the city. 1) He realized that

Therefore, the germination of the earliest civilized urban lifestyle of human beings actually began by expressing their feelings for their ancestors through cemeteries.

Behavioral demands of chanting and offering sacrifices and holding ritual activities in caves. At that time, permanent village settlements were formed.

The formula may not be seen yet. In a sense, long before the living form cities, the dead come first.

"city" As the city of the dead, the cemetery is the forerunner and predecessor of the city of the living, and also the city of the living.

The formation of the core. The caves in the primitive etiquette center gradually evolved into later religious shrines and temples.

Yu. It is precisely because of the synergy of social and religious driving forces in ancient society that these fixed places

Superficial goals and commemorative meeting places gradually set people with the same ritual customs or religious beliefs.

Temporary or permanent gathering together is the first embryo of a city. Many ancient cities still exist today.

However, these original purposes have been recorded and continue to be pursued. The elements of spiritual and economic material are

It is equally important in the formation of cities. These analyses made by Mount Ford through a large number of investigations make up for this.

Archaeologists strive to find the material remains that can show the structure of ancient cities from the deepest cultural layer.

The shortcomings of. ①

So far, this book has not directly answered how the city originated. The reason why this question is difficult to answer.

A: It is because there is no consensus in academic circles.

/kloc-from the end of 0/9 to the beginning of the 20th century, the discussion about the origin of cities in geography mainly comes down to three basic elements.

Rb: ① Latzer's geographical environment determinism holds that when the level of productivity is very low, it is blind.

When primitive natural forces play a role, the form of human settlement culture is the product of different environmental factors. Near East

The special natural environment of the valley lowlands is particularly conducive to farming and animal domestication, which provides the origin of the city.

Conditions; (2) Communication theory regards the city as a unique environment in the lowlands of the Middle East.

Specialty, through the spread from near to far, spread eastward to the Indus Valley and westward to Crete.

Then spread to Greece and Rome, and then spread to all parts of Europe; (3) the theory of evolution, the geographical distribution of human beings.

Economists put forward that the three periods of human development are primitive times, barbaric times and civilized times in turn, accordingly

The form of human settlement changed from the nature of the camp during the fishing and hunting period, and later evolved into a small village and then entered the plain valley.

The villages in this land eventually developed into towns. These theories confuse the factors of urban origin and development.

Their theoretical assumptions were challenged together.

Modern social scientists, including archaeologists and historians, have put forward four theories about the origin of cities.

Theory.

1. Hydraulic theory or environmental basic theory

The representatives of this argument are l wulei and k a witt vogel.

It is considered that: ① it is possible and easy to create surplus on a large scale only in land and climate.

Urban civilization can only be produced in areas with agricultural products; ② Surplus agricultural products are largely the result of irrigation.

Fruit; ③ Irrigation leads to special division of labor, strengthens farming and promotes population concentration; ④ Irrigation

Irrigation makes large-scale cooperation necessary, thus forming a management system. These factors shape the building architecture.

Sinochem, the emergence of towns. In a word, cities develop with the development of irrigation.

2. Economic theory or market origin theory?

Some people who hold this view think that cities are the product of long-distance trade, while others think that cities originated from.

A regional center where internal exchange processes are concentrated. In short, the high concentration caused by market transactions.

A rising city. Their basis mainly comes from the traditional view that commerce is the creator of medieval European cities.

Reading. Jane Jacobs is the main representative of the origin theory of urban market, and she is different.

Firmly believing that "urban development comes first and rural development comes later", she regards the development of agriculture as a city.

The consequences of development. She analyzed a mineral in Anatolia that originated in 7560 BC.

The small town of resources thinks that this is because the neighboring hunting groups habitually become obsidian here.

(Obsidian) customers. The establishment of trade has produced specialization and all other related cities.

Changes, including the demand for agriculture.

3. The origin of military doctrines or defensive positions

It has been noticed that the "city" in Egyptian hieroglyphics is a cross in a circle, and the circle represents

A defensive wall. Therefore, it has been suggested that cities are the source of people seeking protection. they

The oldest famous town has strong fortifications to prove that the military needs to be upgraded.

Settlement concentration and professional division of labor are the origin factors of cities.

4. Religious theory or ancestral temple origin

Reaz Hassan believes that without respect for authority and dependence on a certain place,

Depending on obedience to the rights of others, urban culture cannot exist. He used the pre-Islamic Arab society

The transformation of post-Islamic Arab society from nomadic culture to urban culture is an example to illustrate the need for this transformation.

The theoretical basis of a new social organization is religion. Religion has produced a stronger relationship than family.

Loyalty and social solidarity. Islam is the most effective tool for urban development. This view

In fact, it comes from the theory that the relationship between clan and modern urbanization and the power structure are the key to the city.

Point.

These four theories have a group of supporters and their factual basis. But all because of the lack of universal significance.

Righteousness was criticized, and finally it fell into a similar cycle of chicken or egg.

Medium. Surplus agricultural products, irrigation, markets, defensive walls, temples, etc. May have originated in some cities.

Key factors, but it seems too simplistic to regard them as the only direct cause of the origin of the city.

Cities are in the complex process of long-term social, economic changes and cultural adaptation.

Produced. ①

Judging from the physical evidence obtained from archaeological excavations, it is generally believed that the first cities in the world were in public places.

It appeared in southwest Asia around 3500 BC, and the middle and lower reaches of the two river basins were the most concentrated, including Eritrea.

Eric, Arrito, Ur, Lagos and Kirsch.

(Kish) and Babylon. The earliest cities in the Nile valley appeared in about 1000.

3 100 BC includes Memphis, Heliopolis and later Peter.

Thebes and others. The ancient cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Halaba in the Indus Valley.

Harappa was formed around 3000 BC ~ 2500 BC. So far, there is archaeology in China.

The earliest excavation proved that the city was Erlitou, Yanshi, Henan, and the time was about 2 100 BC to 1700 BC.

Later, there were early commercial capitals in Erligang, Zhengzhou (1500 BC) and late commercial capitals in Yinxu, Anyang.

Capital (BC 1400 ~ BC 1 100).

Julia julia child (1892 ~ 1957) once turned human society into a city.

This transformation process is called "urban revolution". It is possible to express the positive role of cities in such terms.

For, but the so-called "revolution" can not properly describe the actual process of this transformation, because until modern times.

Before the era of urbanization, cities only accommodated a small part of human beings for thousands of years.

Tables 8 and 9 provide some quantitative research results on the development of world cities in historical periods, which are helpful to

Understand the geographical overview of urban formation. We can't set high standards for the ancient urban population.

Yes, but the basic conclusion is credible.

The earliest cities born in Mesopotamia, though numerous, were divided by politics.

Crack, the population is very small, only about 5000 ~ 25000 people. The first person with a population of over 65438+ 10,000.

This city may be Thebes, the capital of ancient Egypt. By the 5th century BC, the geographical expansion of urban civilization.

The exhibition is already full, with 6,543,800 people except Babylonia, Persia, Greek, Indian and China.

Not just the city. Around A.D., the Roman Empire in the west and the Han Dynasty in China in the east were in their heyday.

The population of the capitals Rome and Luoyang may reach about 650,000, but with the war and the decline of these empires, urban development has never recovered.

Vibration. During the period of 900 ~ 1500, the population of Rome decreased sharply to less than 40,000, 1377, which may be only.

There are 17000 people left. In other parts of Europe, although there are many cities, they have long been politically divided.

Under the situation, the scale has been quite small. Venice, Florence, Genoa, Italy 1 1 century

Saskatchewan, France, Paris and London, England are all famous, and the scale at that time was only a few thousand people. London

14th century, 40,000 people, even a big city. The situation in the east is different. China is here.

After the Han Dynasty, after the division of the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Sui and Tang Dynasties established a unified central collection.

Power empire. On the whole, urban development has at least returned to its previous scale. At 800 ~ 1800.

Most of the time, the number and scale of cities in China are almost the highest in the world, but they are not.

Leading cities have changed greatly, from west (Chang 'an) to south (Hangzhou, Nanjing) and from south to north (Beijing).

From the split of Roman Empire to the rise of Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was located in East Rome at the turn of Europe and Asia.

Constantinople, the capital of the empire, once led the city. But since the 7th century, it has been

With the shrinking of imperial territory and economic decline, it tends to decline, and the Eastern Roman Empire perished in 1453.

At that time, the occupied Constantinople was once again devastated, with a population of only 40,000-50,000. According to Chandler,

According to the textual research of Tertius Chandler and Gerald Fox, the first city in the world with a population of over one million was Chang 'an, China in the Tang Dynasty, which was looted in 763 due to the Anshi Rebellion.

And tends to decline. The second city with a population of one million is Baghdad, but it declined in the 10 century.

Yes Since then, it was not until the18th century that Beijing reached this scale again, but it was soon surpassed by London.

Yes According to many scholars' estimation of historical city data, the world towns between A.D. 100 and 1800.

The proportion of population in the total population ranges from 4.5% to 6.0%, and the overall level is very low.

The industrial revolution began the third great change in the form and organization of human settlements, that is, the world towns.

Chemical process.