Big Data and Crisis Management Innovation in Risk Society

Big Data and Crisis Management Innovation in Risk Society

German sociologist Ulrich Beck first put forward the concept of risk society in his book Risk Society in 1986. It is widely believed that it well describes and analyzes the structural characteristics of contemporary society, and provides useful ideas for understanding the social risks of the current transition period in China and coping with the public **** crisis. Big data has opened a new data technology revolution, and the introduction of big data technology can reconstruct the traditional risk management system, re-engineer the crisis management process, and change and innovate government management thinking.

Social Transformation and Social Risk

According to Beck's understanding, with the advancement of modernization, the development of science and technology and the acceleration of the process of economic globalization, human beings have entered into a risk society where risks are frequent. Although risk has existed since ancient times, modern risk has the characteristics that traditional risk does not have, such as wholeness, imperceptibility, uncertainty, globalization and self-reversal, etc. It has fundamentally changed the logic of operation, social dynamics and basic structure of the industrial society, and made human beings carry out a "transformation from the logic of wealth distribution in the society of shortages to the logic of risk distribution in the late modernity. ". Modern science and technology, while promoting social development, also brings a large number of potential risks, the result of this "self-reflexive" modernization is that the faster and more successful the development of science and technology and modernization, the more and more prominent the risks.

In addition, another consequence of the risk society is the "individualization" of society. People no longer use institutional criteria such as class and family as a reference for their actions, but rather use themselves as the main body of decision-making; people no longer use class status to determine a person's family status, opinions, relationships, society, politics and identity. This is a huge shift in social structure. In traditional societies, an individual's exposure to risk can be treated as an event for which the individual is not responsible; in risk societies, it is seen as a case of individual failure. This leads to an increase in the number and greater complexity in the types of risks, as different people will encounter risks and attributions of culpability of different natures and forms.

Relatedly, two other structural changes in the risk society are the diversification of the workplace and the flexibilization of work. The transformation of full-time, lifelong jobs in traditional establishments into a risky, diverse, flexible and decentralized employment system has brought about a general sense of job insecurity and questioned the rationality of the current labor security system and legal system, posing a threat and a challenge to social development and government administration.

Risk Society and Crisis Management

After more than 30 years of rapid development, contemporary China is in the stage of social transformation and crisis-prone risk society. At this stage, China is not only subject to huge constraints on environment and resources, but also needs to accomplish in the shortest possible time the social changes and structural transformation that have been accomplished in developed countries in a fairly long period of time. This kind of rapid transformation may lead to the rupture of the social structure, bringing frequent social crises and violent social shocks, which is the reason for the "Latin American Trap" in Latin American countries in the 1980s.

Generally speaking, the modern risk society has three major characteristics: the humanization of risk, institutionalization, universality. At present, our country is in the global risk, social transformation risk mixed superposition of high-risk period - from the traditional society to the modern society transformation, there are opportunities, but also face risks; economic globalization has accelerated the flow of global information and material, will be wrapped up in our country into the global risk. In recent years, a series of public **** crises at home and abroad have clearly demonstrated that our country has entered a high-risk society.

Since the SARS outbreak in 2003, China's "one case, three systems" of emergency management structure, "unified leadership, comprehensive coordination, classification management, hierarchical responsibility, territorial management is the main" of the crisis management system, to be the initial shape, and in a number of major The crisis management system has taken shape initially and highlighted its advantages in several major crises. However, with the rapid transformation of the economy and society, the problems and shortcomings of this "fist-type" crisis management system, which centralizes resources, are becoming increasingly apparent. For example, the theoretical presupposition of this crisis management system is that the crisis is "extraordinary", and the crisis is regarded as an accidental event, focusing on emergency response after the event, ignoring the early warning and the whole process of monitoring, resulting in the frequent occurrence of crises that could be prevented at an early stage. At the same time, born from the traditional bureaucracy of the government crisis management system based on the assumption that the crisis "already exists", relying on the division of labor, responsibility and institutionalized emergency response to eliminate, but with the advent of the risk society, the source of the risk is increasing, variability, proliferation is increasing, and only the crisis of the local improvement has been It is difficult to solve the problem fundamentally. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce new technologies and methods, innovative crisis management, and promote the modernization of the governance system and governance capacity.

Big Data and Crisis Management Innovation

The introduction of big data technology and management mode can effectively reshape the concept, mechanism and process of the crisis management system, improve the science and predictability of crisis management, and promote the solution of the existing institutional structural problems.

Reshaping the management concept. Crisis events in risky societies are highly complex, universal, derivative and interest-related. It is necessary to break through the existing concept of "focus on response, light management" and the tendency of "focus on power, light technology", and take the initiative to use the mining, analysis, prediction and process integration capabilities of big data to manage the whole process of the crisis lifecycle, and realize the concept of "from a single incident response to full process management". The conceptual shift from single event response to full-process management is realized. Avoid focusing on response and neglecting important steps such as monitoring prevention, mitigation, evaluation, learning and reflection. Avoiding that after one successful incident response, there is no progress in the handling ability and emergency management level, and the same kind of problem occurs again and again after one incident. The greatest value of big data lies in prediction, which can realize predictive management.

Change management system. The modern crisis has a strong cross-cutting nature, derivation, harm to the whole society, in this context, the inertia of the current system of vertical division of labor and the requirements of the horizontal integration of modern crisis management there is a serious functional conflict and structural contradiction between the requirements of a department in charge of a crisis model can not be adapted to the needs of contemporary crisis management. Big data technology and related management models can provide a good solution to the information barriers caused by the existing system and professional division of labor, because the data flow generated in the management process only follows the nature of the data itself and the requirements of the management, without regard to the professional division of labor compartmentalization.

Reengineering the management process. That is, based on the direction of the dissemination of crisis management data flow rather than the professional division of labor to build and reengineer the management process, so that the crisis management system around the data flow to form the appropriate institutions, teams and personnel, and effectively improve the overall operating efficiency of the management process.

Constructing a data sharing system. The full-sample data acquired by big data technology is the foundation of modern crisis management. In the process of innovating the management system, it is necessary to break the sectoral monopoly and professional segregation at the national level, build a seamless big data crisis management system within the government, provide a *** enjoyment of the management data network for joint crisis management, and realize the maximization of the benefits of the integrated crisis management centered on the decision-making of big data analysis.

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