Who knows how the ancient buildings in China embody the hierarchy?

The provisions of the past dynasties are roughly as follows:

According to the historical data of pre-Qin dynasty, the size and height of the capital cities of Zhou Dynasty were different. The height and area of the main hall of the ancestral temple, the number of doors and the number of rooms are decreasing step by step. Only the outer doors of the emperor's palace and the vassal's palace can be built in the shape of a city gate, a pair of doors can be built outside the emperor's palace, and a single door can be built inside the vassal's palace; The screen wall of the emperor's palace was built outside the door, and the screen wall of the vassal's palace was built inside the door; Doctors and doctors can only use curtains, not screen walls. The imperial palace and ancestral temple can be built with double eaves and red columns, and painted on the bucket and melon columns; Governors, doctors and scholars can only build roofs with two slopes, and the pillars are painted black, blue and yellow respectively. There are also grade differences in the processing accuracy of rafters.

In the Han Dynasty, besides palaces, tombs of important officials and officials could also be built with tombs: emperors used triple tombs, princes used double tombs, and ordinary officials used single tombs. The front and rear halls of the emperor's palace are thick and opposite, the ground is painted red, and the windows are written in blue; Palaces and mausoleums can be opened on all sides. The houses and graves of other princes and nobles can only be opened on both sides. The gates of Liehou and Sangong allow three rooms to be wide, with internal and external schools.

According to the incomplete information in Ying Shu Ling of Tang Dynasty, only the palaces in Tang Dynasty can be built with the roof of the palace with heavy caissons. The width of purlins in official houses with more than five items shall not exceed five, and the depth shall not exceed nine. It can be made into an I-shaped hall, built on the top of the mountain and decorated with hanging fish and stirring grass. Officials under six grades can only go to the main hall of civilian houses with three rooms wide and four to five squares deep. Can only be hung on the top of the mountain, and no decoration is allowed. According to other historical data, the gates of the Tang Dynasty were also divided into grades: the gates of the capital were opened three times, the main entrance of Dazhou was opened two times, and the county was opened one time; The width of roads in cities is also graded.

Songti version system is more strict. In addition to Ding Dian, the sloping peak is also dedicated to palaces and temples, and the official residence can only be hung on the top of the mountain. Among the types of wooden frames, palace frames are limited to palaces and temples; Government offices and official residences can only use the hall structure. There are also differences in grades between cities and government agencies, and temples specially built by the state are also customized, which is different from ordinary ones.

At the beginning of the founding of the Ming Dynasty, the scale, shape and decorative features of titles and official residences at all levels below the prince were clearly stipulated and prohibited. There are seven to eleven rooms in Wang (later changed to seven rooms), among which five to seven are officials with five or more products, and three are officials with six or less products to civilians, and the depth is limited. The palace can use yellow glazed tiles, and the prince can use green glazed tiles. There are also grading rules for oil paintings and roof tile animals. Local government buildings are also graded, and offenders are ordered to rebuild them.

The architectural hierarchy of the Qing Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty is roughly the same: Prince Mi has five doors and seven halls; There are three doors and five halls from the county king to the town government, but the number of halls is different.

Since the implementation of the Tang Dynasty, the architectural hierarchy has been implemented through the complementary laws and architectural styles of construction and repair. The building law stipulates the scale and shape of buildings such as yamen and residential buildings, while the building law stipulates specific practices and engineering technical requirements such as number of quota. Those who lack financial resources are allowed to reduce construction, and those who exceed it are illegal. According to the law of the Tang Dynasty, those who build houses against orders will be punished with 100 stick and forced to demolish and change them. If you are accused of imitating a palace, you will be killed. Even in the chaos, excessive behavior will be condemned by public opinion; Many people have caused disasters because of excessive construction. There are many satires in the Spring and Autumn Annals about the extravagance of princes and doctors' palaces. The construction of three tombs in Huo Guang cemetery in the Han Dynasty became one of the crimes. The king of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Li Shizhe of the Northern Wei Dynasty were accused of over-building. At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, Qin Gui attempted to set up Zhang Jun with his family. After the defeat of the Qing Dynasty, because of the nanmu decoration in the house, the garden imitated the Yaotai of Pengdao in Yuanmingyuan and was sentenced to violate the palace ban.

In the existing ancient buildings, we can still see the influence of the above-mentioned architectural hierarchy. A large number of quadrangles in Beijing are three main rooms with black painted doors; There are five rooms in the first room, which are aristocratic houses; The first seven rooms are Wang Fu. Traditional houses in cities south of the Yangtze River and northwest China are painted with black paint. These are the relics restricted by the construction ban since the Ming Dynasty.

The influence of architectural hierarchy has a great influence on the development of ancient architecture in China. Cities, yamen, temples, first-class buildings and buildings at all levels are well-defined, perfect and harmonious, and the urban layout is reasonable and orderly, which forms the unique style of ancient architecture in China, and the architectural level plays a great role in it. On the other hand, the architectural hierarchy also restricts the development of architecture and becomes an obstacle to the development and promotion of new materials, new technologies and new forms. Any architectural invention of new shapes, new technologies, new materials, etc. Once adopted by the palace, it will be regarded as a ban and preserve. The ancient architecture in China developed slowly in the long feudal society, and the restriction of architectural hierarchy was also a reason.