Briefly describe the basic principle of ancient cities adapting to nature.

2.0 1 the development of ancient urban planning ideas

The initial urban planning showed the conscious and unconscious planning and construction of residential space. With the development of productivity and economy, people's living environment is becoming more and more complex, gradually forming the urban living environment.

2.02 The typical pattern of ancient cities in China and its social and political system.

1. Literature

Zhou Li: It reflects that China's ancient philosophy began to enter urban construction planning, which is the earliest time for China's ancient urban planning thought to form. Representing the planning concept of imperial supremacy dominated by feudal social etiquette system.

The Book of Shang Jun: From the perspective of urban-rural relationship, regional economy and traffic layout, this paper expounds the problems of urban development and urban management system, and creates a precedent for the study of regional towns in ancient Chinese urban planning.

Guanzi: Breaking Zhou Li's planning thought of single mode and putting forward the planning thought of adapting to local conditions. It represents the planning concept of advocating nature and nature first.

2. Planning concept

The ancient urban planning of China has always embodied the general idea of attaching equal importance to conforming to nature and transforming nature in the era of agricultural culture, and the urban pattern reflects the power center structure with totem worship as its philosophical thought in the period of agricultural society, that is, the concept of harmony between man and nature.

3. Typical cities

(1) Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty: the axis is symmetrical, the grid road network is regular, and the residential distribution is made in Li Fang.

(2) Metropolitan in Yuan Dynasty and Beijing City in Ming and Qing Dynasties: three sets of square cities, with Miyagi in the middle and symmetrical axis layout.

2.03 Typical Models of Ancient European Cities and Their Social and Political Systems

1. Literature

Ten Books on Architecture: written by Vitruwei, an ancient Roman architect in the 0 ~ (th) century BC, is the only complete classical architectural work in ancient western countries. In the first and fifth volumes "Basic Principles of Architect Education, Urban Planning and Architectural Design" and "Other Public Buildings", many expositions on urban planning, architectural engineering and municipal construction were put forward.

Urban design according to artistic principles. It is an early urban design work to solve the environmental, health and social problems of metropolis at that time from the perspective of urban aesthetics and art.

2. Planning theory

Europe is a feudal Lord system, with the political center in the castle and the economic center in the city. Planning the power center structure with totem worship as the main philosophical thought embodies the prominent position of feudal social rulers.

3. Typical cities

(1) Ancient Greek cities: grid layout, with squares and public buildings as the core of the city.

(2) Ancient Roman cities: squares, squares, bronze statues, Arc de Triomphe and Jigong columns became the core and focus of urban space; Roads, bridges, city walls, water pipes and other urban facilities are complete (Rome).

(3) Medieval cities: the church became the center of the city; Irregular streets and squares; Organic development of the city; Later, public buildings became the center of urban activities (Florence).

(4) Renaissance and Baroque European cities: squares and streets with classical style and rigorous composition (Venice St. Kyle Square, Rome St. Peter's Cathedral Square). During the period of absolute monarchy, streets, palace gardens and regularly symmetrical public squares appeared (the urban reconstruction of Paris-Elysee Palace Pastoral Avenue, Versailles Palace and Concorde Square).

* Europe entered the feudal society in the Middle Ages, and many defensive castles appeared. The slow development of the city has formed a very organic urban form and irregular streets and squares.

In ancient Greece in the 5th century BC, palaces were replaced by cities, squares and public buildings, which formed the core of the city and embodied the spirit of democracy and equality.

The church in medieval Europe was very powerful, and the church occupied the center of the city. The size and towering spires of the church have become the dominant factors in the urban spatial layout and skyline outline.

Due to the slow development of medieval cities, a very organic urban form and irregular streets and squares were formed, but they had special landscape charm.

/kloc-In the second half of the 7th century, in order to maintain its social order, the new capitalism formed an alliance with the king, established several centralized absolute monarchy countries, and formed a classical trend of thought in urban construction.

/kloc-The Renaissance after the 0/4th century was the embryonic period of European capitalism. Under the influence of humanism, the cities represented by Rome and Paris have squares and streets with classical style and rigorous composition, as well as magnificent palace gardens. *

2.04 Historical background of modern urban planning

1. Social and economic background

Industrialization is accompanied by urban problems, such as population explosion, poor living environment, traffic congestion, and outstanding sanitation problems.

2. Knowledge background

Utopian socialism--the ideological basis of modern urban planning. (Moore, Irving, Fourier)

British legislation on urban sanitation and workers' housing-the legal basis of modern urban planning.

Osman rebuilding Paris-an experiment of administrative power in the implementation of modern urban planning.

Urban beautification-the combination of space landscape and architectural art tradition. New york Central Park in olmsted. The Chicago Plan completed by burnham is called the first city-wide master plan.

Company town-private investment construction.

* burnham is the main leader of the urban beautification movement, and completed the urban planning of Chicago in 1909.

2.05 Early Thoughts of Modern Urban Planning

1. Howard's Garden City

Garden city: a city designed for health, life and industry, which is large enough to provide rich social life, but should not exceed this level; Surrounded by a permanent agricultural belt; The land in the city is owned by the public and managed by a committee.

2. Corbusier's concept of modern city

Cities should focus on development, and the urban problems caused by this can be solved by technical means-using a large number of high-rise buildings to increase the density and establish an efficient urban transportation system.

3. Other explorations

(1) Linear City of Soria Marta: Other problems of urban construction are based on urban traffic;

(2) The lost industrial city: the embryonic form of modern urban organizational function and land use function zoning under the basic background of life and technology;

(3) Xidi's research on urban form: building a city according to artistic principles has an impact on today's urban design;

(4) Geddes's theory: urban-regional research; Diagnosis before treatment: investigation-analysis-planning. This idea was carried forward by Montford and others, forming a comprehensive study and regional planning of the region.

* In modern urban planning thought, Howard hopes to attract the population of big cities by building a series of smaller cities around them; On the other hand, Corbusier hopes to solve the urban problems within the city by reorganizing the structure of big cities and further concentrating the population. These two concepts define two basic directions of contemporary urban development: decentralized development and centralized development of cities. *

Howard's planning directly starts from utopian socialism and constructs its system, which reflects the concern for society and economy. From the architect's point of view, Corbusier pays more attention to the content of architecture and engineering, hoping to transform the whole society through the transformation of material space.

Garden city is a city designed for health, life and industry. Its scale control is based on providing rich social life, but it should not exceed this level. The surrounding area should be a permanent agricultural area, and the urban land is owned by the public and managed by the Committee.

In view of the urban problems after the industrial revolution, many scholars have made a lot of discussions, among which Soria Marta proposed a linear city based on urban transportation; An industrial city that embodies the basic organizational principles of modern cities; According to Sidi's artistic principles, study the urban form; Geddes laid the foundation for the ecological research of regional planning theory.

Geddes proposed that urban planning, which was originally limited to urban spatial layout, should become the planning of urban areas, that is, urban and rural planning should be integrated into the same system. This idea was put forward by Louis Mountford, and formed a regional planning.

193 1 year, the planning scheme of "Brilliant City" published by Corbusier is the deepening of the previous planning.

2.06 Urban Decentralized Development Model-From Garden City to New City

Satellite City: It is an independent city unit with the nature of modern city in economy, society and culture, but it is also a derivative product of big cities. It has gone through three stages: the first generation satellite city is only used for residential purposes and has basic living service facilities, but its production and public life still depend on its mother city, which is called sleeping city; The second generation satellite city provides housing and certain industrial and service facilities, so that some people can work in the local area, but others still go to the mother city, which has not completely solved the problem, and is called semi-independent satellite city; The third generation satellite city is an independent new city, about 30-50km away from big cities, with corresponding industrial areas and residential areas, and supporting cultural welfare facilities, which can ensure the local employment and life of residents.

New city: the general name of new cities built according to the planning and design, emphasizing the relative independence of new cities. It is basically the central city of a certain region, serving the surrounding areas and interacting with the central city, becoming an integral part of the urban system, and playing a certain role in intercepting the population flowing into big cities.