How did the Zhuang nationality come from?

Zhuang nationality is one of the 56 ethnic groups in China, so do you know how the Zhuang nationality came from? Here I will introduce the origin of Zhuang, and welcome everyone to see it.

How did the Zhuang nationality come from?

Zhuang nationality has a long history and splendid culture. Modern ethnology and history generally believe that Zhuang nationality developed from a branch of ancient Lingnan Yue people. She was closely related to Ou, Luo Yue, Liao, Li (Li's transliteration is actually the name of "snake" in Zhuang language), Wuhu, Tong (bump, stubborn), Xian (wolf) and the natives after the Song Dynasty.

Zhuang nationality and Baiyue's Xi 'ou and Luoyue are in the same strain. From the Han Dynasty to the early Tang Dynasty, the Zhuang people have been actively or passively accepting Chinese language and culture. In today's Zhuang area, there are some big surnames, such as Lu in Panyu, Xian in Gaoliang, Hepu and Ning in Qinzhou, which are called "Baiyue big surnames". In the Tang Dynasty, Lingnan Road was divided into two roads, east and west, with five places in Guangzhou and five pipes.

Among them, Guangxi, Yong and Rong are all inhabited areas of Zhuang ancestors. During the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the central dynasty strengthened its rule over Lingnan area, setting up counties, sending officials and collecting tributes. The central dynasty implemented the Jimi county system in the Zhuang area, and appointed prestigious people of the Zhuang nationality as chiefs to manage the nation. However, the indifference of the central government and the heavy burden brought by the usurped toast made the Zhuang people unbearable to be enslaved and resisted many times.

The "Huang Dongman" uprising in Xiyuan in the Tang Dynasty, the agricultural intellectual uprising in the Song Dynasty, the peasant uprising in the Ming Dynasty, and the uninterrupted uprising in the Qing Dynasty for hundreds of years until the vigorous Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement began in this area. But all previous uprisings were suppressed and failed. The Zhuang people have made great contributions and sacrifices in resisting the invasion of French colonists, the Revolution of 1911 and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, and have a glorious revolutionary tradition.

Zhuang people mainly live in Lingnan. Lingnan area has been inhabited by human beings since ancient times. In the pre-Qin period, Zhuang nationality belonged to Luoyue and Xi 'ou, which can be traced back to the late Paleolithic period, including Liujiang people and Ganqian people in Liujiang county, Qilinshan people in Laibin city and Lipu people in Lipu county. Ganyan people and Jiulengshan people in Du 'an county, Bailiandong people and Dule people in Liuzhou city, Baojiyan people in Guilin city, Mo Ding cave people in Tiandong county, Lingshan people in Lingshan and so on. These areas where ancient humans lived happened to be the active areas of the ancestors of the Zhuang nationality, and they are also the areas where the Zhuang nationality now lives in compact communities. Accordingly, some experts speculate that the Zhuang people are the descendants of these ancient humans.

In the pre-Qin period, Guangxi was the country of Luoyue, inhabited by Luoyue people, Western Europeans and Cangwu people of Baiyue. Luoyue country is a famous square country of Zhuang ancestors in Lingnan. It was first seen in Wang Hui Yizhoushu, in which "passers-by" was mentioned. You Zhu once said in Yi Zhou Shu Xun Shi that "the sound of the road is close to Luo, and it is suspected that it is Luo Yue." Road is a lock, that's right. Yi Zhou Shu, also known as Zhou Shu, is an ancient book in the pre-Qin period. Most of the chapters are from the Warring States period, and the Shang and Zhou events recorded in them must be original. In the original flavor of Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, there is also a reference to "the bacteria". In the Han Dynasty, Gao noted: "The name of the country. Bacteria, bamboo shoots. " Luo Yue is a Chinese expression, which means crossing a valley or a bird, and Vietnamese is Luo Yue in reverse. The name "Tong" appeared in the Southern Song Dynasty. Zengbo Li, a poet in the Song Dynasty, mentioned in the memorial of Song Lizong that there were "servants" in Yishan. Zhu Fu, a poet in the Song Dynasty, further pointed out that there are five "cavemen" in the south: Miao, Yao, Kou, Yi and Gelao.

After that, the name of Yao (Tong) was mostly used in the past dynasties, and the name of Yao was gradually quoted in the Ming Dynasty, but it was mostly accompanied by Yao. By the Qing Dynasty, the name "Yi (Tong)" had been quoted all over Guangxi. 1949 after in-depth investigation and ethnic identification, the people's government called Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan "Buzhuang", "Butu", "Bunong", "Bunuo", "Buyi" and "Bumin". Later, because the meaning of the word "Tong" was not clear enough, it was easy to be mispronounced. 1965 At the initiative of the Prime Minister, the word "Tong" was changed to "Zhuang" and the word "Tong" was changed to "Zhuang".

Regional national autonomy. 1February 9, 952, 65438+ established the Gelao Autonomous Region in western Guangxi,1spring of 956, and became an autonomous prefecture. 1On March 5th, 958, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region was established with the former Guangxi Province as the scope. 1On April, 1958, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan was established;1On September 26th, 1962, Lianshan Zhuang and Yao Autonomous County in Guangdong was established. Although the name of Zhuang nationality has been handed down from generation to generation, its main origins are: Baiyue, Ou, Luo, Ou, Luo, Yue, Wu, Hu, Li, Liao, Tong, Sha, Nong and Zhuang, which come down in one continuous line.

Brief introduction of Zhuang nationality

Zhuang is the largest ethnic group in China, mainly living in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province, with a few in Guangdong, Hunan, Guizhou and Sichuan provinces. The name of Zhuang nationality comes from what some Zhuang people call "Buzhuang". In addition, there are more than 20 species that call themselves Bunong, Butu, Buyang, Banbu, Buyue, Buna, Nong 'an, Bupian, Tulao, Gaolan, Manzu, Budai, Bumin, Bulong and Immobile. According to the statistics of the sixth national census in 20 10, the population of Zhuang nationality is 1692638 1.

Historical investigation

Zhuang nationality has a long history and splendid culture. Zhuang nationality developed from a branch of Yue people in ancient China. It is closely related to Ou and Luo Yue in Zhou Feng period, Liao, Li and Niaohu in Han and Tang Dynasties, and the bronze men and natives after Song Dynasty.

Before the Qin Dynasty forces entered Lingnan, there were mainly two ethnic groups living in Lingnan (now Guangdong and Guangxi), Xi 'ou and Luo Yue, belonging to Baiyue, who were ancestors of Zhuang nationality.

Judging from the unearthed cultural relics, as early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the ancestors of Zhuang nationality had widely used bronzes, and the use of these metal tools greatly improved labor productivity. With the emergence and development of private property, the primitive proletarian commune of Zhuang society entered the slave society.

In 22 1 BC, after Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he sent Wei Tusui to lead a 500,000-strong army to March into Lingnan in five ways. Qin Jun defeated the Xi 'ou people, unified Lingnan, and established Guilin, Nanhai and Xiangxiang counties under the rule of centralization of authority. He also sent supervisor Lu to build a canal in Guangxi to connect the Xiangjiang River with the Lijiang River and the Yangtze River with the Pearl River. Then, a large number of Han people moved from the Central Plains. In the process of communication and intermarriage with Yue people such as Europe and Luo, some of these Han people became Zhuang, which accelerated the social and economic development of Yue people.

From the Han Dynasty to the early Tang Dynasty, some big surnames appeared in today's Zhuang areas, such as Lu in Panyu, Xian in Hepu in Gaoliang and Ning in Qinzhou. , known as "the most popular surname", is fragmented. In the Tang Dynasty, Lingnan Road was divided into two roads, east and west, with five places in Guangzhou and five pipes. Among them, Guangxi, Yong and Rong are all inhabited areas of Zhuang ancestors. During the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the central dynasty strengthened its rule over Lingnan area, setting up counties, sending historians, and collecting tribute and taxes. The Jimi county system implemented by the central dynasty in Zhuang areas has brought a heavy burden to the Zhuang people. The Zhuang people were enslaved and resisted many times. The vigorous Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement began in Lingnan Zhuang area. However, all previous uprisings were brutally suppressed by reactionary rulers and failed. The Zhuang people have made great contributions and sacrifices in resisting the invasion of French colonists, the Revolution of 1911 and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, and have a glorious revolutionary tradition.

Culture and art

Zhuang people are good at singing. Youjiang area is called "Huan", Zuojiang area is called "Poetry", and northern Guangxi area is called "Bi" and "Huan", all of which mean singing folk songs. There is a regular folk song called Gewei. The date of the concert varies from place to place.

In the Tang Dynasty, there were dances of the Zhuang nationality, such as Tang Tang Dance, with rice as the content and percussion instruments. In the Song Dynasty, there were pole dancing, tea dancing, shrimp fishing dancing and spring cattle dancing. Around the Qing Dynasty, drama began to appear in Zhuang nationality. One is Zhuang drama, teacher drama and puppet show sung in Zhuang language; The other is a musical featuring folk songs and dances. Zhuang Opera is divided into "Northern Zhuang Opera" popular in Tianlin, Xilin and Baise. Under the influence of Yunnan opera, it was formed on the basis of folk rap art "bench play" and absorbed the singing of Yunnan opera. Accompaniment instruments include Ma Guhu, Huluhu and Muye of Zhuang nationality and flute, sanxian and erhu of Han nationality. Nanluzhuang Opera, popular in Qingxi and Debao dynasties, is a kind of opera that combines singing and singing on the basis of Emma local opera and influenced by Yi opera. Besides Ma Guhu and Huluhu, the accompaniment instruments of Yi Opera include Wen Gong, Wu Gong, Da Gong, Xiao Gong, Er Hu, Sanxian, Di, Drum and Gong.

The ancestors of Zhuang nationality painted many rock paintings on steep cliffs in Ningming, Longzhou, Pingxiang, Chongzuo, Fusui and other counties and cities in Guangxi, and there were more than 60 rock paintings along the banks of Mingjiang River and Zuojiang River for more than 200 kilometers. There are human figures, animal figures and circular patterns in the picture, among which portraits are the most.

Zhuang people have been casting and using bronze drums for more than 2000 years. There are many kinds and sizes of bronze drums. Zhuang brocade is a famous textile handicraft of Zhuang nationality. It is made of cotton yarn and five-color velvet, with unique patterns and durability. Wushu activities in Zhuang nationality township not only have a long history and tradition, but also have unique customs. For example, in the Ming Dynasty, when a boy grew up to be a teenager, he had to be taught martial arts. Local chiefs advocate the masses to practice martial arts, and the masses also advocate martial arts. Every year during the winter leisure season, all villages in Zhuangxiang employ masters to teach martial arts. This custom lasted for a long time, until around liberation. Nowadays, the traditional martial arts in Zhuangxiang has been gradually restored and developed.

Social customs and habits

Marriage of Zhuang nationality used to be arranged by parents, but love before marriage is free. Rich people marry concubines, and hardworking people are monogamous. "Stay indoors" or "sit at home" is popular, and this custom is still maintained in some places. After young men and women get married, the bride will go back to her mother's house for a short time during major festivals and busy farming seasons, and will not stay in her husband's house for a long time until she becomes pregnant. Therefore, the time for "waiting for marriage" ranges from three to five years. In history, there was sexual freedom in the period of "never leaving home". Later, it was considered as improper behavior and was strictly prohibited. Offenders would be executed. Now love is free and marriage is independent.

The houses of Zhuang nationality are the same as those of local Han nationality in Otawa. Residents in some areas live in "dry fences" (also known as "hemp fences"), which are divided into upper and lower floors. People live upstairs and livestock and sundries are piled downstairs. In the past thirty or forty years, this architectural form has changed, and people and animals have been separated.

Zhuang costumes vary from place to place. In northwest Guangxi, elderly Zhuang women wear clothes with no collar, left collar and embroidered edges, wide-legged trousers with sewn edges, embroidered waist and silver jewelry. Women in Longzhou and Pingxiang in southwest Guangxi wear black shirts with collarless and left collars, square black handkerchiefs and black wide-leg pants. Men often wear Tang suits. Clothing used to be self-woven homespun, but now it is mostly woven. There used to be the custom of cutting teeth (that is, knocking out one or two teeth and replacing them with gold teeth) and tattooing, but now it has changed.

Diet, like to eat pickled sour food, sashimi as a delicacy. The staple food is rice and corn. During the Chinese New Year, rice is made into various powders and cakes. Women have the custom of chewing betel nut (also called eating jelly). Penang is a necessary gift when getting married.

Religious belief

Besides offering sacrifices to ancestors, Zhuang people also worship nature, such as mountain gods, water gods, land gods, kitchen gods and sun gods. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, Buddhism and Taoism were first introduced into Zhuang areas. In modern times, a group of missionaries went to Zhuang towns to establish Christian and Catholic churches and develop believers, but the impact was not great.

There are many gods worshipped by Zhuang people, and the names of different branches of gods are different. Generally speaking, they worship Guan Gong, Confucius, Yue Fei, Yang Liulang, the god of family, the god of wealth and Shennong. Some gods only have idols and tablets. Shennong and other memorial tablets are located in the "Old People's Hall". At the same time, animism worship is preserved, such as offering sacrifices to the sun, wooden bridges and stones. Ancestor worship occupies a certain position in the religious life of Zhuang nationality. Every main house is dedicated to the god of "Heaven and Earth". "Farmers" worship the three brothers, and shrines are generally located at the door corners, beams or back walls to worship their grandparents. Married women of "aborigines" and "peasants" make sacrifices to their dead parents in the man's house every New Year. The sandman bedroom offers Notre Dame Kao. The leaders in charge of the social and religious activities of the Zhuang nationality are the Magic Duke and the Teacher Niang. The magic statue is a man, who is responsible for chanting scriptures and doing Dojo for all activities such as funeral offerings; There are classics of Chinese studies, which are passed down from master to apprentice. Teacher Niang, male and female, specializes in "inviting ghosts" and "sending ghosts" and practicing witchcraft to "cure diseases and eliminate disasters"; There are no scriptures.

Language, writing

Zhuang language belongs to Zhuang-Dai branch of Zhuang-Dong language family of Sino-Tibetan language family, and the national Zhuang language is divided into northern and southern dialects. Buyi dialect (Nong dialect) in Honghe Prefecture belongs to the southern dialect, Buyi dialect (Sha dialect) belongs to the northern dialect, and Budai dialect (old saying) is close to the southern dialect. Zhuang people have no written language of their own. According to historical records, due to long-term contact with the Han nationality, many Zhuang people not only "learn Chinese", but also "read", "learn" and use Chinese.

In the 1 1 century, the Zhuang people who had studied Chinese, according to the law of form, sound and meaning, created a square character-vernacular Chinese by recording the sound and meaning with Chinese characters tangent to two characters. However, it is limited to the use of religious scriptures, folk songs and letters, and has not been widely circulated. 1956, the state created a Zhuang language with pinyin for the Zhuang people, but it has not been popularized in Honghe prefecture so far because most Zhuang people know Chinese.