Characteristics of blue and white porcelain

What are the characteristics of blue and white porcelain?

Blue-and-white porcelain, also known as white porcelain, is made of cobalt ore containing cobalt oxide as raw material, with decorative patterns painted on the ceramic blank and covered with a layer of transparent glaze, which is once fired by high temperature reducing flame.

Cobalt is blue after firing, which has the characteristics of strong coloring, bright hair color, high firing rate and stable color. At present, the earliest blue-and-white porcelain specimen found is from the Tang Dynasty. Mature blue and white porcelain appeared in the Yuan Dynasty; Blue and white became the mainstream of porcelain in Ming dynasty; It developed to Ding Feng in the Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, colorful blue and white, peacock green glazed blue and white, bean green glazed blue and white yellow and old glazed blue and white were also created and fired. Kangxi (1662-1722) has a long age span, rich kinds of artifacts and superb craftsmanship.

Zhejiang and pearl materials are used in this issue. The hair color of blue and white is dark in the early stage and green and bright after the middle stage. Early paintings were mainly single-line flat painting, with rough momentum; After the middle period, the combination of sketch, rendering and painting is the essence of painting, and the blue-and-white color scale (the so-called "blue-and-white multicolor") is highly respected.

There are various decorative themes, such as landscape figures, dragons and phoenixes, flowers and birds, fish and insects, animals, poems, Bo Gu, etc. Among them, the most distinctive ones are Bing Mei, Geng Zhi, Sword Horse Man and Double Peony. The blank edge of the pattern is more obvious than other patterns.

The fetus is dense and white, showing a glutinous rice cake shape. The glaze is hard, closely combined with the fetus, with orange peel or brown eyes, white in the early stage and bright white after the middle stage.

In addition to daily utensils, there are a large number of decorative porcelain, such as pot lids, phoenix tails, flower beds, elephant leg bottles, pen holders and so on. The foot of utensils also has strong characteristics of the times: the tool has two layers; The pen holder is rich in jade; In the early stage of the circle foot, it is mostly a pointed "crucian carp back" bottom inclined on both sides, and it is basically a round "loach back" bottom after the middle stage; Large-scale markets have many double circles, which appeared in Shunzhi period in the late Ming Dynasty and became popular in the middle of Kangxi.

There are all kinds of money. In the early days, it was mostly used for dry money, and regular script was used for annual money. After the middle period, all kinds of hall names, pictures and flowers became popular and became popular in Yongzheng. Imitation and false entrustment are also common, especially imitation Jiajing.

(1) Ma Su Li Qing refers to Su Ni Ma Qing, Su Ni Qing, Su Ni Bo Qing, etc. The source of its name is the transliteration of Persian "Suleiman".

The origin of this cobalt material is Kwamsa village in Mount Posca. The villagers thought that a man named Suleiman discovered this cobalt material, so he named it. Another way of saying this is that Suni Ma Qing should be Li Qing, Ma Su, which is the transliteration of English *** alt, which means a kind of blue glass.

This kind of material belongs to cobalt material with low manganese and high iron, so the thick green belt of blue and white is rusty, commonly known as "tin light". Some blue and white flowers in the Yuan Dynasty and the green materials used in Yongle and Xuande kilns in the Ming Dynasty are all of this kind, and they are all produced in ancient Persia or present-day Syria.

(2) Ping Dengqing, also known as Bei Tang Qing, was born in Leping, Jiangxi. In the late "blank period" of Ming Dynasty, Chenghua, Hongzhi and Zhengde used it early.

This material is elegant, bright and stable, which makes Chenghua blue-and-white porcelain famous for a while. (3) Shi Ziqing, also known as Shi Qing, was produced in Gao 'an, Yifeng and Shanggao areas in Jiangxi.

When this material is used alone, the hair color of blue and white is gray or even black. This material was widely used in the second generation of Ming and Qing kilns, while the official kilns were used for blending and rejuvenation. (4) There are many theories that Uighur originated in Western Regions, Xinjiang and Yunnan.

The color of this material is dark purple, but if it is used alone, it will not be collected, so it is often mixed with Shi Ziqing. This material was often used from Jiajing to Wanli in Ming Dynasty.

Among them, cyan: Shi Ziqing with 10% is added, which is used for mixing water (filling color), and the hair color is blue and bright; Zhongqing: 40% mixed with Shi Ziqing, used for coloring (sketching), with clear brushwork. (5) Zhejiang material, also known as Zheqing, is produced in Shaoxing and Jinhua, Zhejiang.

Among the domestic materials, Zhejiang is the best, and its hair color is green. From the mid-Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, Jingdezhen official kiln blue and white wares all used this material. (6) Zhu Ming is produced in Xuanwei, Huize, Yiliang and other counties in Yunnan, among which Xuanwei is the best.

This material has a bright and pure hair color. Kangxi blue and white used this material.

Most of the above domestic cobalt materials belong to high manganese. (7) Chemical green materials refer to green materials prepared with chemical cobalt oxide.

The hair color is purple-blue, pure and rich, but it is frivolous and lacks adhesion, and the price is low. Blue and white porcelain made of this material lacks the aesthetic feeling of natural green materials.

China ancient blue-and-white porcelain is beautifully decorated in painting, with a variety of characters and patterns at the bottom, and the styles of each period have distinct characteristics of the times. According to the styles and types of blue and white porcelain, it can be divided into five categories: calendar style, auspicious style, hall style, ode style and decorative style. (1) Chronological model indicates the age of porcelain firing on blue and white porcelain by writing, carving and printing, which is called chronological model.

The description of ancient porcelain in China is mainly based on chronology, which can be divided into two types: the emperor's year number and the branch's year number. During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, calendars began to appear on blue and white porcelain, and the font of seal script was elegant and smooth, with lotus petals on the side.

Xuan Jing's style is dignified and powerful. Chenghua's iron scratches the silver hook, and the glaze color is turbid.

Jiajing's strokes are heavy and his strength is deep. The predecessors summed up the chronology of the Ming Dynasty in five sentences: "Xuande is rich, Chenghua is rich, Hongzhi is beautiful and rich, Zheng Degong is rich, and Jiajing is miscellaneous."

In Qing Dynasty, Kangxi style fonts were neat, and blue and white materials were bright and beautiful. Yongzheng regular script is vigorous and powerful, with exquisite format.

The fonts of Qianlong, Jiaqing and Daoguang are mostly seal script, and the fonts are arranged closely, just like a seal. There are many styles of "Jiangxi Porcelain Company" in modern times, among which the English style "CHINA" is the symbol of modern porcelain export and the earliest English style used in blue and white.

Blue-and-white porcelain in folk kilns has few dates, such as "made next year", and the font is scrawled. It's written casually.

(2) Auspicious words and expressions with auspicious meanings are often seen in folk blue-and-white porcelain. Most of the fonts are cursive, chic and elegant, in one go.

Sentences such as "long life", "long life and wealth" and "happiness" express people's yearning for a happy life. (3) The name of the hall is written on porcelain, and elegant hall names and names are used as the symbol of private collection.

There are Bathing Ink Book House, If you are a treasure, and Baiyuzhai. Tang Ming porcelain is well-made and has high collection value.

(4) Acura expresses the love of ceramic art for porcelain, such as "precious jade", "precious ancient drama" and "beautiful jade in the Yangtze River". The word "Kovadi" is fresh, elegant and interesting.

"Tile" is pottery, which has a longer history than porcelain.

What are the characteristics of blue and white porcelain in Yuan Dynasty?

Mature blue-and-white porcelain should be Jingdezhen blue-and-white porcelain in Yuan Dynasty. The dual formula of "porcelain stone+kaolin" was adopted in the blue-and-white porcelain tire of Yuan Dynasty, which increased the Al2O3 content in the tire, raised the firing temperature and reduced the deformation rate during firing. Therefore, the carcasses of most utensils are thick and full. The fetal color is slightly grayish yellow and the fetal quality is loose. The bottom glaze is divided into blue and white and egg white, which has a strong sense of opacity. The imported material is low manganese and high iron green material, which is green, rich in color and rusty. On some utensils, there are also cases where domestic materials and imported materials are used together. The main types of utensils are household utensils, sacrificial utensils and tomb-robbing utensils. Gao Zubei, especially with bamboo joints, has a tomb-robbing apparatus, which is the most characteristic of the times. Except that the bottom of Yuhu Spring is full of glaze, all the other vessels are sandy and unglazed, with flint red. Blue and white porcelain in yuan dynasty. Sketching and rendering are heavy and steady. The decorative patterns of blue and white porcelain have characters, animals, plants, poems and so on. The figures are Gao Shitu (Four love figure) and historical figures. Animals include dragons and phoenixes, unicorns, mandarin ducks and swimming fish. Common plants are peony, lotus, orchid, pine, bamboo plum, ganoderma lucidum, flowers and leaves, melons and fruits, etc. Poetry and prose are rare. The petals of painted peony mostly have white edges; The dragon pattern has a small head, a thin neck, a long body, three claws or four claws, and the scales on the spine and back are mostly grid-shaped, vigorous and fierce. Auxiliary patterns are mostly rolling grass, lotus petals, ancient coins, seawater, palindromes, clouds, banana leaves and so on. Lotus petals are shaped like "braces", and Taoist treasures are mostly painted on lotus petals. In ruyi cloud pattern, eight monsters in the sea, lotus flowers with broken branches and flowers with tangled branches are often painted, and third-order clouds are often painted; The stalk in the middle of banana leaves is solid (filled with green matter); The pattern of the sea is a combination of thick lines and thin lines.

Artistic characteristics of blue and white porcelain

Brief introduction of blue-and-white porcelain Blue-and-white porcelain is painted and decorated with natural cobalt materials on white mud, then coated with transparent glaze, and then fired at a high temperature of 1300 degrees Celsius, so that the pigment fully penetrates into the blank glaze, showing a green blue pattern, which looks beautiful, clear and elegant.

Blue-and-white is the most national porcelain decoration in China, a kind of underglaze colored porcelain, and one of the earliest methods of ceramic decoration in China. In the Qing Dynasty, Gong praised blue-and-white porcelain in his Tao Ge: "White glazed blue-and-white porcelain is fired, and the flowers are bright from the glaze.

You can participate in innate beauty, and infinity comes from Tai Chi. "Appreciating the brushwork of ancient ceramics is an important basis for identifying its production age. As the font, writing style, material color and style of blue-and-white porcelain in past dynasties have their remarkable characteristics, as long as we master the basic rules of brushwork, we can accurately judge the age and kiln mouth of ancient porcelain.

Calligraphy and patterns in ancient blue-and-white porcelain are also of great reference value to the innovation of calligraphy and painting seal cutting. Characteristic blue and white is the most national porcelain decoration in China, and it is also one of the earliest invented methods in China ceramic decoration.

Its characteristics are: strong coloring, bright hair color and stable color; Second, the pattern will never fade; Third, the color is bright, beautiful and elegant, with the artistic charm of China ink painting; Fourth, it does not contain toxic elements such as lead and arsenic, and has no toxic side effects on the human body; Fifth, it is not only suitable for decorating daily-use porcelain such as dining tables and tea sets, but also suitable for decorating display porcelain such as vases and vats; Sixth, its raw materials are rich in natural minerals containing cobalt. Historical blue-and-white porcelain began in the Tang and Song Dynasties, but by the Yuan Dynasty, the production of Jingdezhen blue-and-white porcelain was mature, which was the progress of the times in the history of porcelain making in China.

Before Yuan Dynasty, it was common to use carved flowers in shadow play. Since the emergence of solemn blue and white flowers, the decorative changes of shadow carved flowers have gradually retreated to a secondary position. During the years of Yongle, Xuande and Chenghua in the Ming Dynasty, Jiajing, Yongzheng and Qianlong blue and white flowers in the Kangxi Dynasty were the most prominent, with bright artistic effects. Therefore, in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, blue and white porcelain became the mainstream of porcelain production in China, which was loved by people and became a necessity for emperors, concubines and dignitaries.

Even Europeans often show off their wealth by collecting blue and white porcelain. It is said that in order to please the new queen, the King of Saxony in the15th century exchanged four guards for the 12 blue and white porcelain bottles of the neighboring monarch.

After the founding of New China, Jingdezhen's blue-and-white porcelain inherited the excellent traditions of past dynasties, developed fresh and lively new varieties with the flavor of the times, and made remarkable achievements in gift porcelain, exhibition porcelain boxes and export commercial porcelain. Not only the state organs, the Great Hall of the People and more than 100 China embassies abroad chose blue-and-white porcelain, but almost all hotels, restaurants, organizations and families in large and medium-sized cities across the country used blue-and-white porcelain.

What's more, blue and white porcelain has become a precious gift in China's diplomatic etiquette. For example, when US President Nixon visited China in 1972, Premier Zhou Enlai gave him an expensive set of blue and white tableware; 1978 10 * * Vice Premier visited Japan and presented blue and white stationery to the Crown Prince of Japan and Prime Minister Fukuda.

On the whole, the enamel color of modern Jingdezhen blue-and-white porcelain is blue, the hair color is green, the shape is beautiful and the decoration is elegant. Among many blue-and-white varieties, the "Blue-and-white Indus Tableware" produced by People's Porcelain Factory is the representative product of blue-and-white porcelain.

It consists of dozens or even hundreds of pieces of porcelain of different sizes and shapes. The shape is light and generous, the outline is beautiful and symmetrical, the lines are neat and delicate, and the colors are harmonious and attractive. "Wu Tong" refers to the name of traditional blue and white flowers, and "Wu Tong" means auspicious, which is based on the beautiful sentence of "Wu Tong attracts the phoenix" in China folklore.

Through the ingenious combination of point, line and surface, the picture gives an ideal description of the scenery of the gardens in the south of the Yangtze River: apricot trees in stone bridges, flowers and birds, pavilions in the vicinity, mountains and rivers in the distance, beautiful lakes and mountains, and there is indeed an artistic conception of "white waves and green mountains are not human" Artists use the scattered perspective method of Chinese painting to depict complex scenery, objects and people on a painting, decorate it with hanging beads, and set the "eight treasures" pattern in the middle as a symbol of good luck.

The whole picture is profound in conception and implication, with strong national color and oriental artistic style. In addition to the "phoenix tree", there are also decorations such as hibiscus, begonia, lotus, Dunhuang, Ssangyong, mallow and goldfish. There are plump, rigorous, dignified and beautiful, elegant and poetic, which are pleasing to the eye and can't be put down.

1979 The blue-and-white sycamore tableware produced by People's Porcelain Factory won the national gold medal for high-quality products, and 1984 won three gold medals in Leipzig, France, Bourfa, Czech Republic and Poznan, Poland. Decorative blue-and-white display porcelain is more beautifully decorated, such as thousands of blue-and-white jars, and tens of thousands of blue-and-white vases are painted with Suzhou Garden, Beijing Temple of Heaven, Summer Palace, Guilin Landscape, Lushan Mountain Scenery, "Four Beautiful Pictures" and "Shi Xiangyun should at least sleep", with vivid pictures, distinct layers and unique decoration.

Folk blue-and-white porcelain is a simple and bright decorative form of blue-and-white porcelain. The biggest feature of folk blue and white is that the pen is smooth and bold, and the dyeing is patchy.

Picturesque, there are only two miscellaneous trees, a hillside and a stream, which are not written much, but the quiet and beautiful natural beauty is endless. Many children in baby play pictures can make facial eyebrows without pen and ink at all, but only in Shangluo circle can they become children's heads with heavy materials, but their innocent and lively forms are lifelike.

Characteristics of Kangxi Blue and White Porcelain

1. In the early period of Kangxi blue and white, the carcass was thick, the glaze color was full and bluish white, with shrinking glaze and small brown eyes, and the glaze color of the body was inconsistent with the bottom. Some utensils are often coated with a layer of sauce glaze at the mouth, and their feet are not very delicate, showing flint red, and a fine rotating ring can be seen at the exposed tire.

2. Glaze shrinkage, sand adhesion and unsmooth phenomena are common in Kangxi kilns. The inner glaze of the bottom foot is thin and white, and the jump marks of the radial knife are common. Some foot walls are tapered on the same plane, and the diameter of the circle foot is larger. Many bottles, bottles and cans have the shape of steps, and their corners are extremely straight, commonly known as "two-story platform" or "step bottom". Double-legged feet were also popular in this period, especially in Solanum nigrum and Yin He. The inner ring is shorter than the outer ring, and the bare tire between the two rings is unglazed, and the ring is generous.

3. In the middle period of Kangxi, due to the further increase of firing temperature, the blue and white carcass was white and hard, and the cross section was "glutinous rice cake". Less impurities, moderate carcass thickness, pay attention to tire repair.

There are two kinds of glazes: powder white glaze with high hardness, slightly loose slurry white glaze and bright blue glaze. In the middle period, the circle foot of blue-and-white porcelain was not as big as that in the early period, and some feet were smooth and loach-shaped, but not as round as that of late blue-and-white porcelain, and flint red was rare, and the fetal glaze was closely combined, and the glaze color of the inner and outer walls of the porcelain was basically the same as that of the bottom foot.

At that time, there were porcelain tires made of fine elutriation slurry, commonly known as "plasma tires". Products include kettle, inkpad box, etc. The body is very light. 4. Late blue-and-white glazes are bluish white, mostly bright blue glazes, and also pink white glazes. Glaze gloss is deep and subtle, carcass is heavier than mid-term, hardness is high, foot is deep, and it is generally cut flat and tidy.

5. Early blue-and-white porcelain was painted with Zhejiang materials or Jiangxi and Guangdong blue materials, which was gray-blue, with poor hair color, heavy gray and blue-black, very similar to Shunzhi blue-and-white porcelain. 6. The medium-term blue-and-white flowers are made of "pearl pigments" from Yunnan. This blue and white pigment is exquisite and pure. Because the water precipitation method is improved to calcination method, the color is bright blue-green, without floating feeling, bright and bright, clear but not turbid, gorgeous and not vulgar.

Some are sapphire blue, which is fresh but not angry, which is very different from other blue and white flowers in Qing Dynasty and has obvious characteristics of the times. And formed a new artistic outlook.

People often refer to Kangxi blue and white as "emerald blue", "Kangxi multicolored" and "ink divided into five colors". There are five grades of discoloration, and the green materials used are divided into "head strength, positive strength, secondary strength, positive weakness and shadow weakness".

The ancients spoke highly of Kangxi's blue and white flowers, saying that "blue and white flowers are the same color, and a bottle of seven colors and nine colors is exquisite and delicate." The images of artifacts are dull, the light intensity is distinct, and the rendering of different levels is entirely due to the skillful use of coloring techniques by craftsmen, that is, the water division method, which consciously creates different shades of different levels, and even in one stroke, different strokes can be distinguished, such as blue and white landscape figures, flowers and birds, etc. No matter how far the mountains are near the water, the mountains and mountains are stacked together, which are full of rhythm, three-dimensional sense and halo.

7. Late blue and white tend to be elegant in color, some are gray-blue, some are faint, some are painted with blue and white, accounting for a small proportion, and most of them are painted on small utensils such as cups, plates and saucers. 8. In addition to the traditional white glazed blue and white flowers, the Kangxi Dynasty also produced blue medicine, elder glazed blue and white flowers, Langyao blue and white flowers, blue glazed blue and white flowers, yellow glazed blue and white flowers, bean glazed blue and white flowers, glazed blue and white flowers with sauce, blue and white flowers in glaze, blue and white flowers in glaze, blue and white flowers with yellow, blue and white flowers with purple, and blue and white flowers.

9. Kangxi blue-and-white imitation of Ming blue-and-white hair color is also very popular, accounting for a small proportion, mainly imitating the artistic effect of Yongle and Xuande blue-and-white Su Ni Bo Qing materials, which is bright and faint. Secondly, there are understated imitation blue-and-white Ping Dengqing materials and imitation Jiajing blue-and-white materials.

Xuande blue and white porcelain in this period is the best imitation. Because it is made of domestic cobalt, it has low iron content and good stability, and the painted flowers show black crystal spots. It is formed by manual repainting and spot dyeing. Blue and white glaze is not heavy enough and the glaze is blue, and some have orange peel lines. When touching the glaze by hand, it is smooth and uneven, but the glaze of Yongxuan blue and white flowers is often wavy. Generally speaking, 10, the blue-and-white porcelain wares of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty were the most abundant in shape, with various forms and endless streams. A porcelain often has many different styles, which are based on people's actual needs and conditions, and have various styles and antique innovations, including display porcelain, a large number of daily life porcelain, as well as various stationery, tea sets, elephant porcelain, porcelain sculptures and antiques.

Export porcelain occupied a very important position in foreign trade at that time, and there were two main varieties: table flowers and multicolored. They are basically folk kiln products with strong colors and tall shapes. Decorative patterns also meet the needs of foreign markets and have many innovative styles. 1 1. The production of large-scale tools in Kangxi Dynasty was second to none in Qing Dynasty, which was closely related to the improvement of molding methods and the maturity of technology.

Such as: big door ball bottle, big incense burner, long life bottle, big mouth bottle, phoenix tail statue, flowerpot, big fish tank, embroidered pier, big cover jar, etc. The overall feature is simple and steady, quite manly. Although the volume is large, some of them are as high as 80 cm, the deformation is very small, and the interface between the device and the car body is not obvious, which reflects the improvement of molding and tire repair technology.

The external contour lines and turning points of objects are clear, neat and full of vitality. The style is tough, straight, simple, powerful, rough and bold, full of masculinity, and the production is clear and standardized, without any sense of clumsiness.

Small and medium-sized objects are original, rigorous and generous, pay attention to the overall effect, are not rigid, and show exquisite beauty in modesty. During this period, many square utensils appeared, such as square plates, bowls, gateball bottles, square statues, flower pots and so on. Comparatively speaking, the firing of square vessels is much more difficult than that of round vessels, which fully shows the superb level of craftsman's modeling design and the progress of porcelain-making technology at that time.

12. Kangxi has a wide variety of blue and white porcelain. According to some common objects, they should be classified as follows: Bottle: the most abundant blue-and-white porcelain in Kangxi period, mostly used for.

What are the characteristics of blue and white porcelain in Qing Dynasty?

Shunzhi (1644- 16 1) in the early Qing Dynasty was a short period, but it was a crucial period connecting the past and the future, which laid a solid foundation for the peak of Kangxi's later period.

Shunzhi blue and white ware has the following characteristics: there are few kinds of utensils, mainly stoves, bottles, plates, bowls, cans and so on. Generally speaking, the carcass is rough, and the carcass of large utensils such as stoves, large plates and flasks is heavier, while the carcass of small utensils such as small plates and bowls is lighter and thinner.

But there are also some objects with delicate and dense fetal quality, and glutinous rice can be seen. The bottom glaze is mostly white and shiny blue, some are slightly grayish white, and the glaze layer is thin.

Blue and white materials should be used together with Zhejiang materials and Shi Ziqing materials to produce some green and some blue coat colors. Among them, the blue-and-white color of the furnace is mostly green, and the color of other utensils is mostly gray-blue.

Ornaments are common in flowers and birds, landscapes, caves, autumn grass, boats on the river, monsters, Swiss beasts, plantains, clouds and so on. In the market, I like to draw a blue and white coil around my mouth, and then draw the main decoration in the circle; On the small dish, one side of the dish is painted with a plane tree leaf, and the other side has similar poems such as "A plane tree leaf falls, and the world is autumn".

Bottles, flasks, cans and other large vessels also like to use blue and white lines for decorative separation. The painting method combines sketch, flat painting, rendering and line drawing.

The style of painting is casual, although it is more neat than that in the late Ming Dynasty, but there is still no rigorous and meticulous style of Kangxi. The picture layout is full, especially for large plates, cans, bottles, bottles and other utensils.

Changes in painting methods and colors began to appear, but they were not yet mature. Bottles, bottles, etc. There is a flat sand bottom.

Glaze shrinkage is common at the bottom of plates, bowls and cans, and sand sticking at the bottom is common. There are many knife marks on the bottom of the bowl.

There are many folk kilns, few official kilns, and few objects with year and model. Kangxi (1662-1722) has a long age span, rich kinds of artifacts and superb craftsmanship.

Zhejiang and pearl materials are used in this issue. The hair color of blue and white is dark in the early stage and green and bright after the middle stage. Early paintings were mainly single-line flat painting, with rough momentum; After the middle period, the combination of sketch, rendering and painting is the essence of painting, and the blue-and-white color scale (the so-called "blue-and-white multicolor") is highly respected.

There are various decorative themes, such as landscape figures, dragons and phoenixes, flowers and birds, fish and insects, animals, poems, Bo Gu, etc. Among them, the most distinctive ones are Bing Mei, Geng Zhi, Sword Horse Man and Double Peony. The blank edge of the pattern is more obvious than other patterns.

The fetus is dense and white, showing a glutinous rice cake shape. The glaze is hard, closely combined with the fetus, with orange peel or brown eyes, white in the early stage and bright white after the middle stage.

In addition to daily utensils, there are a large number of decorative porcelain, such as pot lids, phoenix tails, flower beds, elephant leg bottles, pen holders and so on. The foot of utensils also has strong characteristics of the times: the tool has two layers; The pen holder is rich in jade; In the early stage of the circle foot, it is mostly a pointed "crucian carp back" bottom inclined on both sides, and it is basically a round "loach back" bottom after the middle stage; Large-scale markets have many double circles, which appeared in Shunzhi period in the late Ming Dynasty and became popular in the middle of Kangxi.

There are all kinds of money. In the early days, it was mostly used for dry money, and regular script was used for annual money. After the middle period, all kinds of hall names, pictures and flowers became popular and became popular in Yongzheng. Imitation and false entrustment are also common, especially imitation Jiajing.

During the Yongzheng (1723- 1735) and Qianlong (1736- 1795) periods, blue and white wares were mostly copied from Su Ma of Yongle and Xuande in Ming Dynasty, but there was no imported material, and the nib was rusty. Followed by imitation of low-key blue and white.

In addition to the difference between tires, glazes and green materials, the model of Ming-style utensils is also an important difference: the tire interface of Ming-style utensils is connected from top to bottom, and the Qing-style utensils are connected from front to back. The blue and white Yongzheng craft is exquisite, the tire repair is exquisite, and the folk kiln is rough and has tire marks.

During the Qianlong period, especially in the later period, the process began to decline. In addition to inheriting the varieties of the previous dynasty, there are also innovative varieties of blue and white exquisite porcelain. The content of decorative patterns is also more diverse than Yongzheng, but generally speaking, auspicious patterns are the main ones.

In addition to the year model, there are miscellaneous treasures, four flowers, animal models and so on. It was more common in Yongzheng, and the model of the hall was less than that of Kangxi. During the reign of Yongzheng, there were many names, seal scripts and four flowers in the Tang Dynasty.

Blue and white porcelain gradually declined after Jiaqing (1796— 1820). In the early years of Jiaqing, the utensils were basically the same as those of Qianlong, but the craft was rough, the shape of the utensils was heavy and clumsy, and the glaze was thin and gray.

Daoguang (182 1- 1850), Xianfeng (1851-1), Guangxu (1.

Other artifacts are similar to Tongzhi in glaze color and shape. Blue and white feeders are common.

In addition to the year number, there are "Changchun Palace system", "Kunning Palace system" and "Palace of Gathered Elegance system". False trust funds are more common in Kangxi Year System and Ruoshen Treasure. (hope to adopt, thank you).

Definition and Characteristics of Blue and White in Yuan Dynasty

The definition of Yuan blue-and-white porcelain: "Blue-and-white porcelain with the shape, composition, decorative features and quaint charm of Yuan porcelain" can be regarded as Yuan blue-and-white porcelain. The artistic features of blue-and-white painting in Yuan Dynasty. Yuan blue and white flowers are generally heavier. 2. Glazes include blue and white glaze, uncle glaze and typical blue and white porcelain glaze. 3. Blue and white are rich emeralds and gray light. All have iron spots. Fourth, there is no glaze at the bottom. Bowls, plates and the like have breast-like protrusions in the center of their feet. Fifth, they have the general characteristics of Yuan Dynasty porcelain with inclined outer walls. 6. Multi-edge plum bottles, multi-edge jade pot spring bottles, multi-edge ladle bottles, square flat bottles and high-necked bottles were unique in the Yuan Dynasty. Seventh, the mouth of plum bottle is trapezoidal with narrow top and wide bottom. Eighth, some blue and white porcelain.