Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Traditional culture - Zhongtian Ancient Village-Hunan's Largest Existing Military Village Fortress
Zhongtian Ancient Village-Hunan's Largest Existing Military Village Fortress
The characteristics of Zhongtian Village's ancient residential complex are inseparable from Changning's historical security situation. According to the record of "Tongzhi Changning Zhi-Military Defense", from the Song Dynasty until the early Qing Dynasty, unrest and bandits, from time to time, impacted on the then official government and the official army, but also looting of ordinary people. According to the genealogy of the Li Clan, the old ancestor of Zhongtian Village, Fu Wulang, who was a military official, was transferred from Chaling to Guiyang Prefecture in the second year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, and later transferred to Changning to be stationed there. In the second year of Yongle, he practiced military cantonment and developed production in Changning. Because of the court for many years of fighting, repeatedly made war, after the return of the clothes, settled in this good place with beautiful scenery, "my ancestor Tuenju Temple before the city, the years to keep the food in the country, when the fear of insufficient people, clothing and food is difficult to give, the order of each reclaiming the field and cultivation and guarding the ...... Zi Rong Gong with Lei's son of four, the longest Zhigong open the pie under the The hemp field is now Zhongtian". So in the village of Zhongtian gather and live, and plow and keep, reproduce children and grandchildren, so far there have been more than 40 generations, lasted more than 600 years.
Under the influence of the feudal patriarchal system, the village of Zhongtian Village, the ancient village dwellings show the most important characteristics of standardization, specifically expressed as follows: First, the gathering of clans to live in the village, the village of each clan ancestral halls, the boundaries of the residential area is clearly defined; the second is the village of the layout of the group, the "feng shui" as the theoretical basis for the art, such as does not meet the requirements, then try to modify or make up for it. The second is that the village is concerned about the layout of the group based on the theory of "feng shui", if it does not meet the requirements, then try to modify or make up.
Take the half-moon shaped pond in front of the ancestral hall as an example. From the entrance of the village to see the whole village, the overall layout is centered on the ancestral hall, residential groups are located on both sides and behind it. The Ancestral Hall is surrounded by the stars, and its prominent spatial location not only facilitates activities such as clan members' deliberations, sacrifices, and the exercise of clan power, but also demonstrates the supremacy of the patriarchal concept. And the scale of other dwellings can not exceed the ancestral hall, not to mention the feng shui pattern, as a way to *** with the maintenance of the prosperity of the clan. The internal layout of the residential space is to enter the door is the hall, the center across a patio, similar to the northern residential "hall" space, the two sides of the layout of the sleeping room and miscellaneous rooms, the left and right sides are not strictly symmetrical, most of the layout of the flexible, which is a big difference with the northern residential, but also reflects the patriarchal system of the southern residential architecture is far less than the influence of the north.
The most prominent feature of Zhongtian Village's ancient residential complex is the strong role of the enemy. Tracing back the history, the ancestors of Zhongtian Village Ancient Residence came from the brave and warlike local army of the Ming Dynasty, who were stationed in Zhongtian Village, plowing the fields and waiting for the day in peacetime, and then responding to the battle bravely if there was a war. As a result, the village was built as a fortress that could be defended in retreat and attacked in battle. Therefore, the village of Zhongtian ancient residential communities have a strong defense function, everywhere exudes a strong military atmosphere.
Arrow holes instead of wooden windows, alleyways set up layers of defense, everywhere covered with organs to resist the invasion of foreign enemies. Zhongtian Village ancient residential complex of the alley is not wide, very regular to comply with the same size, function to accommodate two or three people side by side at the same time through, easy to defend and difficult to attack. Every few meters away, there is a long stone on the stone path, covered with round holes slots. There used to be many wooden fences in the alley, and these boulders were the building blocks for installing the fences. In this way the alley formed a shutter gate, at any time the alley can be divided into a section of closed small space, played a very good defense function.
Zhongtian Village ancient residential complex and other ancient villages in southern Hunan Province, the architectural style is somewhat different, the house is basically no eaves, no corridor, the windows on the side of the alley are very narrow strip of small windows, the threshold is also different heights. In fact, this unique architectural style has its own function. The reason for not exposing the eaves of the porch is to prevent the house from being easily burned by foreign enemies, while the narrow, small, strip-shaped windows are for the convenience of the people inside the house to observe the movements outside. Threshold is a symbol of the status of the head of the family, powerful and rich people, the threshold of the repair of some higher, no power and no money of the family, the threshold of the repair of some lower.
Zhongtian Village is one of the rare villages in south-central Hunan that has been scientifically planned rather than naturally grown. The layout of the whole Zhongtian Village is the same as that of most villages, consisting of the village entrance, ancestral halls, temples, streets, alleys, streams, rivers, ditches, residential compounds and other elements, forming a stream through the village, criss-crossed with alleys, compounds adjacent to each other, and ancestral halls occupying the center of the muscular form. It is also a rich village space with the streets and alleys as the skeleton, the ancestral hall as the center of cultural and recreational activities, the Moonlight Pond and the square in front of the ancestral hall as the open space, and the stone bridges and fengshui trees as the important fengshui points.
There are four existing ancestral halls in Zhongtian Village***, which were built in the mid-to-late Qing Dynasty, most of them are tall, with a depth of three, a width of three, no eaves and no corridors, and beautifully carved stone and wooden components. Now the internal structure has changed slightly, has become a private housing. Now the better preserved and restored according to the original renovation is the public ancestral hall. The Gong Ancestral Hall is the tallest and largest building of the ancient houses, built on the central axis of the ancient village, facing the Moonlight Pond, with two vertical main lanes on both sides of the hall, connecting the houses of the whole village. The area inside the ancestral hall is 1,200 square meters, and there is a theater inside. The first entry is the anteroom, the second is the middle hall, which is used for deliberations, and the third is the main hall, which is used for rituals.
Most of the houses in Zhongtian Village are surrounded by high walls, and the internal structure has no lifting beams, fewer penetrating buckets, and most of them are directly erected on the longitudinal walls with sandalwood strips to support the upper rafters, tiles, and other roofing loads. The height of the house is high, mostly in 6m or so, almost all solid walls and no cavity wall. Architectural decoration is mostly stone carving, because the local production of stone, and stone components can be preserved for many years.
In the warm sunshine, you walk in Changning City, under the Dayi Mountain, slowly stepping into the temple before the town of Zhongtian Village, a more than 600 years of history of the ancient residential groups built on the mountain with water. Walking through the deep alleys, stroking the mottled walls, hesitating in the courtyards and corridors, reciting the plaques and gables, chewing the unique culture of traditional villages. Wandering here, the ancient village, ancient buildings, ancient family style ...... all reflect the martial spirit of the ancestors of Zhongtian Village.
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