Factors affecting the safety of automobiles

Automobile safety introduction With the steady improvement of people's standard of living, the car has entered more and more ordinary people's homes, China is stepping into the automobile society. However, the rapid growth of car ownership at the same time, a fact that can not be ignored is that the number of road traffic injuries and deaths in China is the highest in the world. According to the relevant departments of statistics: at present, China's annual deaths due to traffic accidents has been more than 100,000 people, about 15% of the world's traffic accidents occur in China. Vehicle safety performance has become an important factor for consumers to consider when buying a car, however, what kind of car is safe, what kind of driving habits are safe? We hope this article can help you have a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of automobile safety knowledge. First, the role of automotive design on the role of safety Not long ago by the Toyota Motor Corporation hosted a "seminar on automotive safety," a number of years dedicated to the study of automotive safety industry experts first pointed out that: automotive safety is divided into active safety and passive safety, and passive safety. A very important point is the safety performance of the car in the event of a traffic accident. The key to automobile safety depends on the level of design. Take the relationship between the thickness of the steel plate and the safety performance as an example, the steel plate is thin, the car is light does not mean that the automobile safety performance is reduced, not necessarily unsafe. The collision strength of the car mainly depends on the strength of the steel plate, rather than the thickness of the steel plate. Automotive lightweight mainly with new materials, such as high-tensile steel or high-strength aluminum alloy. The density of high tensile steel plate is the same as ordinary steel, but the strength is double or triple that of ordinary steel. If the use of high tensile steel plate, the thickness will be correspondingly thinner, the weight will be reduced a little, but as long as the crash strength design is appropriate, or to reach the same level, so the car collision safety is mainly based on the design, rather than a bunch of good materials and heavy materials piled up together. Then take the body structure as an example, in the traditional concept, generally we will think that the car will not be deformed is the safest, in fact, this understanding is not scientific. At present, the safety design of the vehicle is mainly focused on the moment of collision, through the front of the body to absorb the energy generated by the collision, while through the seat belt, airbags and other cushioning devices to minimize the damage suffered by the occupants of the body structure is known as the body of the body to absorb the impact of the structure, in addition to the body to absorb the impact of the structure of the body of the other important part of the design of the safety of the compartments structure is strengthened, to ensure that the interior of the car The body structure is known as the body-absorbing structure. Here, we will recall the GOA body used in Toyota, which is a body structure that provides dual protection of a "force-absorbing body" and a "high-strength compartment." The GOA body is also designed to take into account the safety of pedestrians in the event of a collision. The GOA body design also takes into account the safety of pedestrians in the event of a collision. The GOA body design also takes into account the safety of pedestrians in the event of a collision, because the safety design of automobiles not only serves the driver and passengers, but also emphasizes the protection of pedestrians. In this regard, Toyota Motor Corporation, in the light of actual accidents, continues to study the body structure that can better absorb the impact, and gradually applies the research results to the vehicle design, in an effort to reduce the degree of injury to pedestrians in the event of an accident. Next, let's talk about the "active safety" of automobiles. Active safety is "not easy to cause or not easy to cause accidents". Active safety is good vehicles, in the driver to drive, steering and braking of the three basic operations, can most faithfully reflect the driver's operating intentions, so maximize support for the driver a series of driving operations, so that the vehicle away from the dangerous situation, is the most important factor in the active safety link. So how do you determine what kind of car is a good active safety car? First of all, the ability of the motorist to drive the vehicle freely is an important and indispensable factor in "active safety". Good active safety car should have a detailed, humanized ergonomic design, easy to operate the motorist. The ergonomic design of various control devices enables the driver to operate the steering wheel, pedals and various switches and buttons accurately and conveniently, which is an important factor to ensure safe driving. Secondly, reducing the load on the motorist during operation can directly improve driving safety. Therefore, a car with good active safety should also do an excellent job in supporting the motorist with various safety devices, and be able to carefully design all kinds of gauges and displays from the motorist's point of view, so that it is easy for the motorist to operate these devices, and it is also easy to read the information on each of the gauges and displays. Knowing the concept of active safety, let's move on to the main active safety equipment for cars. First up is emergency brake assist. Effective braking is a prerequisite for avoiding accidents, but surveys have shown that only half of all motorists are able to firmly press the brake pedal in emergencies. Often when emergency braking is taken to avoid accidents, the brake pedal is not pressed as decisively as one would expect, and sometimes even if the motorist intends to firmly press the brake pedal, the force used is still insufficient. Taking FAW Toyota's Crown and Razor models as an example, they are equipped with an emergency brake assist device that can judge that the vehicle is in an emergency braking state according to the speed at which the brake pedal is pressed and the distance the pedal travels, thus automatically applying stronger braking force to the vehicle. It should be noted that once the foot leaves the brake pedal, the emergency brake assist effect also disappears, so the brake pedal should be held down until the vehicle comes to a complete stop. Next is the ABS device, emergency braking on slippery roads, the ABS device can ensure that even if the motorist is hard to step on the brake pedal, the wheels will not hold dead, the motorist can operate the steering wheel to avoid the danger ahead, so as to maintain the stability of the vehicle, so that the vehicle decelerated to a stop. Nowadays, the ABS device in many cars is also loaded with EBD function, with such a device, even when the vehicle is fully loaded, or braking on the curves, can also maintain the stability of the vehicle, smooth braking. Again, the VSC device. When the vehicle accelerates sharply on a slippery road, it will cause the vehicle to slide sideways. The VSC device prevents the vehicle from sliding sideways when accelerating sharply and allows the vehicle to steer smoothly. This device harmonizes VSC and EPS to ensure safe and smooth steering when turning the steering wheel. The fourth is the mechanical structure of the TRC active traction control system, which prevents idling of the drive wheels when the vehicle is traveling on slippery roads such as snow, and enables the vehicle to start and accelerate smoothly, supporting the basic function of "driving". The TRC active traction system ensures smooth acceleration on both snowy and slushy surfaces. In addition, TRC can also properly control wheel slippage when traveling up and down steep slopes, treacherous rocky surfaces, and other off-road driving conditions unique to four-wheel drive vehicles. Compared to vehicles equipped with the traditional center differential locking device, vehicles equipped with TRC have a sense of driving and maneuverability that is unparalleled to that of the former. Third, passive safety design Passive safety is the performance of occupant protection after an accident. In terms of passive safety, seat belts and airbags are the equipment that has received a lot of attention. When it comes to the effect of seat belts, from a practical point of view, the earlier record is that in 1971, the state of Victoria, Australia, began mandatory use of seat belts, and in the first year alone, the fatality rate fell by 21%. Mandatory seat belt use regulations and actual rates of seat belt use in the United States were later and lower than in Australia and Europe. Because this phenomenon exists, statistics have since shown that automobile occupants in the United States pay a high price in deaths for it. Again, look at the function of seat belts from an energy perspective. First of all, in the process of collision, the core problem of occupant protection is how to transfer and absorb such a large amount of collision energy, we do not want to increase the energy, and seat belts at least do not add new energy to the whole system, it is only to absorb the energy, so that even if it does not happen to protect the function of the car, at least it does not add to the chaos. The airbag is not, the airbag first of all to inject new energy into the system, which is the process of the explosion, and then because the design is very clever, very good, so the absorption of its own explosive energy processing, and then deal with the collision energy, equal to the system to add energy for no reason. This is the airbag design requirements are very high. Airbags can really become a "safe" airbag lies entirely in the degree of rationalization of the design, rather than that the more airbags on the more secure. Therefore, through years of practical test, more and more experts believe that: the airbag is a very important protection device, but it is in the seat belt under the premise of safety aids. In the event of rear collision, side collision or rollover, the driver's seat and the assistant seat of the airbag will not be deployed, if you do not fasten the seatbelt, only rely on the airbag can not provide adequate protection to the occupants, the occupants may be knocked out of the car. In addition, airbags only work once, and are not effective in secondary collisions that occur in successive crashes. Experts especially pointed out that in the event of a frontal collision, if not fastened seat belts, emergency braking will make the occupant's body forward slamming, when the airbag deployed, but may cause great harm to the occupants, so please be sure to fasten the seat belt when the vehicle is traveling. The technicians told us that only when the occupants fasten the seat belts correctly can they get the safety protection, so it is necessary to develop the seat belts that are easy for the occupants to use. During normal driving, the seat belts on Toyota vehicles exert only a weak spring tension and do not cause an excessive sense of pressure on the occupants. In particular, the pre-tensioned force-limiting seat belts are equipped to tighten instantly in the event of a collision, effectively immobilizing the occupant's body, while at the same time releasing the belt when the force exerted on it reaches a certain value to ease the pressure on the chest. Since seat belts are important, improving seat belt usage is also one of the important safety features of a vehicle. If an occupant fails to fasten the seat belt, the seat belt warning light and buzzer reminder device will sound a warning to remind the occupant to fasten the seat belt, or else it will sound non-stop as long as the vehicle is in motion, and this is very helpful in raising our safety awareness. Special studies in this area have shown that seatbelt reminder devices have increased the wearing rate of seatbelts by about 40%, which has saved the lives of many drivers and passengers. Finally, the design of the doors is equally important in terms of vehicle safety performance. In the event of an accident, a safe vehicle must ensure that occupants can escape smoothly and facilitate rescue. Now many doors are designed as anti-pinch protection door, even after a collision can also open the deformation of the door, so that the occupants can escape and facilitate rescue. Fourth, safe driving habits Previously, we mainly from the configuration of the car to talk about the car's safety knowledge, in addition to our usual driving habits, is also an important aspect of the impact of automobile safety. Even if the vehicle has the best safety equipment, the most advanced protection measures, if there is no good driving habits, the occupants are not safe, and even make the safety equipment can not play its due role. Below we give you a list of bad habits in driving, if you have these habits can be overcome early ah! Because these have a direct impact on your driving safety: 1: in order to see far away, so have been using high beams; 2: change lanes or to turn only when the turn signal; 3: left turn without paying attention to the rear of the car; 4: miss the turn to change lanes forcibly; 5: in front of the red light is still a little bit of moving forward; 6: the signal light becomes yellow when accelerating through; 7: frequent lane changes; 8: rolling the center line or outside the line in the turn; 9: and the distance between the front car is too close. In addition to developing good driving habits, it is also very important to master safe driving skills. In unusual weather conditions, good driving skills are even more important. For example, rainstorms, driving in the water is best in the open and even broken waves of the place to drive through, do not high-speed over the ditch, puddles; wading before and after the water should be low and slow; pay attention to maintain a sufficient distance between the car, do not try not to emergency braking, steering, do not be too sharp; driving in the rain to open the headlights, the best anti-fog lights are open, through the waterlogged roads, should be lightly stepped on the brake driving, so as to make the brake discs, pads, water evaporate as soon as possible, and so on. The water between the brake discs and pads should be gently applied so that the water can evaporate as soon as possible, and so on. Another example is driving in snow and ice weather, regardless of the size of the wind and snow, there is a snow mode of the vehicle in the driving must open the snow mode, the vehicle start and driving to slowly accelerate, turn more should slow down the speed. Said so much, in fact, the main purpose is to hope that we can eliminate the past for the car safety misconceptions, in the choice of car, driving time can correctly recognize and use these automotive safety devices, at the same time to change some bad driving habits. Only in this way, we can enjoy the convenience of the car, all the way to gallop, safe world. The overall structure of the car 1. engine: by the body, crank connecting rod mechanism, gas distribution mechanism, supply system, cooling system, lubrication system, ignition system (gasoline engine), starting system and other components. 2. chassis: ① drive train: the power of the engine to the driving wheels. Including clutch, transmission, drive shaft, drive axle. ② driving system: the car assemblies and components into a whole and the whole car to play a supporting role in order to ensure that the car runs normally. Including the frame, front axle, drive axle shell, wheels (steering wheels and drive wheels), suspension (front suspension and rear suspension). ③ Steering system: to ensure that the car can move in the direction chosen by the driver. It consists of a steering gear with a steering wheel and a steering transmission. ④ Braking equipment components: To slow down or stop the automobile and ensure that it can be reliably parked after the driver leaves. It consists of energy supply device, control device, transmission device and brake. 3. Body: It is the place where the driver works, and also the place where passengers and goods are loaded. Including the car in front of the sheet metal parts, cab, car. 4. electrical equipment: by the power supply group, engine starting system and ignition system, automotive lighting and signaling devices and so on. In addition, more and more in modern cars with a variety of electronic equipment: microprocessors, central computer systems and artificial intelligence devices.