/kloc-what changes have taken place in the humanistic concept of European and American literature in the 0 th and 9 th centuries?

/kloc-in the 0/9th century, capitalism appeared, individuals were liberated from various feudal shackles, the commodity economy activated people's sense of competition and material desires, people's self-concept was strengthened, and people's fate changed greatly. Under the condition of capitalism, man is no longer the standard to measure everything. On the one hand, the emergence of capitalism marks the progress of society and the forward development of human civilization, bringing people a certain degree of freedom, liberation and material prosperity, on the other hand, it worsens the relationship between people, people and society, people and things. The new civilization brings new constraints to people, especially the constraints of things on people, so that people's freedom can be regained. It is in this historical background that people's thinking about their own situation, destiny and future is constantly changing, and the humanistic concept of European literature presents a new form. 1. From "man in a rational sense" to a typical figure in a typical environment:1Europe in the 8th century is the product of science and rationality. The main spirit of the Enlightenment is rationalism, so enlightenment literature, as the product of the Enlightenment, also emphasizes the rationality of classical literature. Rousseau's image of "Xinmin" has both natural conscience and natural desire and emotion, and is a secular "person" with subjective spirit. Goethe created Faust, the unity of emotion and reason, along Rousseau's humanistic route. Its main spirit is flamboyant and does not conflict with external things, which not only satisfies personal desires, but also does not violate social moral laws and regulations. /kloc-in the 0/9th century, people firmly believed that "man is a rational animal; Humans can grasp the order of nature and the world by virtue of science and reason; Humans can conquer nature and transform society. " Realistic writers continue the rationalism of the Enlightenment philosophy, accept and draw lessons from the methods and ideas of natural science for literary creation, and form the principles of "truth" and "realism" followed by * *. However, in the process of objectively "reappearing" and "reflecting" life, realistic writers generally made an unprecedented, true and meticulous analysis of human soul, thus changing the concept of "human" in western literature. Balzac's theory of evil nature does not think that people are born evil, but that external things-mainly money-will stimulate people's infinite lust and lead to evil. Among them, Rasty Nie in Gao Laotou is a typical figure in a typical environment. 2. From the description of the life of the court nobles to the description of the life of ordinary people: 19 century ago, the Renaissance made religion lose its original function, and people pursued "freedom" but made a mess of the world. Therefore, autocratic monarchs assume the role of "God on earth" or "God in the flesh" in people's spirit and psychology, thus forming "worship of kingship". Influenced by it, literature mostly shows heroes with lofty rational character and writes them as people with both ability and political integrity. 19th century is a historical alternation between the decline of feudal system and the rise of capitalism. The aesthetic object of literature began to turn from the nobles in the court to the common people, and began to describe some ordinary people closely related to nature and their lives. Wordsworth clearly expressed his respect for the lowest life in his poems. Standahr created the image of Julien, a personal struggler full of strong self-awareness. Even Flaubert began to show the bourgeois image of "mediocrity" in Madame Bovary. 3. People's dependence on people has become people's dependence on money:19th century, the drastic changes in social and economic structure have also brought about profound changes in people's moral concepts and cultural values. With the development of capitalism in different degrees in European countries, the concept of material interests in people's minds has been strengthened, money has become the main or only measure of people, and the relationship between people has also changed. Vanity Fair by Thackeray, through Becky Sharp, shows that the capitalist money society is a cold, selfish, snobbish and predatory vanity fair, and writes the hypocritical and despicable spiritual world of elegant gentlemen in the upper class. The subtitle of the novel "Novel without Heroes" just shows that money is the real hero in this vanity fair squeezed by money power. Balzac's Gao Lao Man vividly reveals the ruling role of money and the evil of money worship. Lao Gaoman is a victim of money worship. Balzac, with his father's love for the elderly, set off the shocking destruction of money on people's hearts. His long monologue before his death was a profound and powerful accusation: "stepping on his father will not ruin the country?" This is an angry condemnation of the naked money relationship in the real society. 4. From boasting about people's personality to thinking about people's good and evil: 19 th century realism generally tested the soul quality of moral good and evil, showing the conflict between people's original desire and reason. It does not simply regard human's natural original desire as human's original evil, but emphasizes moral adjustment to reconcile it with human's original desire in a relative sense, which is more meaningful and modern than traditional religious rationality, thus avoiding the individualistic prejudice of romantic "self" in Renaissance humanism. Humanism formed on the basis of this humanism does not simply distinguish between good and evil, but gives universal respect, concern and sympathy to the existence of human life in the sense of "class" Therefore, "humanism" not only pays attention to "human" in the perceptual sense, but also pays attention to "human" in the rational sense, which is more inclusive and realistic than the previous secular humanism and religious humanism. The retreat of the author's consciousness in literary works is a good proof-the author does not express his views on the characters in the works, but simply exists as a narrator.