What does the positive law in ancient Greek art say?

The tradition of western sculpture originated from ancient Greek and Roman culture, but ancient Greek sculpture was deeply influenced by ancient Egyptian sculpture, so let's review ancient Egyptian sculpture first. Around 4000 BC, Egyptian sculpture suddenly flourished, forming the first heyday in the history of human sculpture. Egyptian sculptures are precise in modeling, stylized in language and mysterious in spirit. During the ancient dynasty, a large number of commemorative sculptures appeared, some of which were even masterpieces that could make all mankind proud. The most representative is the Sphinx of Giza, which is 20 meters high and 50 meters long, with a face as high as 5 meters. Together with the adjacent pyramids, it constitutes the mystery of the building. It obeys the "positive law" procedure in shape, and seems to be a sphinx wearing a king's headscarf, close to the portrait of Pharaoh. It reflects the sacrificial and religious functions of Egyptian sculptures at that time. Like other portraits of Pharaoh, it feels solemn, majestic, vigorous and steady, like an unshakable mountain.

Whether it is the Sphinx, the portrait of Pharaoh or other ancient Egyptian sculptures, it always follows the formula of "positive law". Through them, we can feel that the aesthetic ideal of ancient Egyptian sculpture is to pursue "eternity". The aesthetic ideal of ancient Greek sculpture is to pursue "true beauty". Greek sculptors have created more and more innovative and vivid sculpture forms according to the artist's spirituality and talent. From a plane view, the ups and downs gradually become smaller. The realm of perfection. Therefore, it left us with eternal realistic sculpture models, such as the discus thrower and Venus. The development of ancient Greek sculpture can be roughly divided into three stages: antique period, classical period and Hellenistic period. In the "archaic period", Greek sculpture was in the "groping" stage. It borrowed the "positive law" rules of Egyptian sculpture to make portraits, forming an "ancient style" scheme. Most of the statues in this period are old and inflexible, and the center of gravity of the statue always falls between the feet. When a group of nude statues of young people made in the fifth century BC were discovered, people saw that the old procedure was broken and the center of gravity of the human body fell on one foot, so the whole human body relaxed and looked natural and real. Therefore, the appearance of this group of nude statues of young people marks the entry of Greek sculpture into the "classical period". "Classical period" is the heyday of Greek sculpture. At this time, the pursuit of "true perfection" and the pursuit of objective and true beauty have reached the peak. In the history of culture, the historical period from Alexander's expedition to the surrender of the Ptolemy dynasty in Egypt to the Roman Empire is usually called the "Hellenistic period". The "Hellenistic Period" is rich in themes and appears in a wide range of fields. In a sense, it has formed a kind of cultural expansion, covering the whole of Europe and becoming the foundation of the whole western art. Its culture of advocating the beauty of objective truth is the initial embodiment of western civilization's emphasis on speculation and objective truth. Greek sculpture created a beautiful complex and was full of praise for the human body itself, which we can understand from many nude sculptures in this period. Conversely, the custom of advocating nudity also gives the factory a vivid opportunity to play the realistic sculpture language.

After Greece was conquered by the Roman Empire, the center of western culture and art shifted from Greece to the early cities of Italy. Although the Romans conquered the land of Greece, they were conquered in culture. The Romans copied and studied a large number of Greek sculptures, and some of the ancient Greek sculptures left over today are imitations of the Roman period. Roman sculpture follows the tradition of pursuing "true beauty" in Greek sculpture, but it is more secular than Greek sculpture. During the Roman period, many militarists or politicians asked sculptors to create portraits for them, and even Romans often used sculptures to preserve the image of the dead. This goal has taken another solid step on the road of realism. The achievements of Roman sculpture are mainly manifested in portrait sculpture and monument sculpture. These portraits are not only similar in shape, but also pay great attention to expressing the personality characteristics of the characters. The most famous are the statues of Augustus and caracalla. At this time, the elegance of the factory in the past was replaced by solemnity in the memorial sculpture.

With the demise of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century A.D., the Middle Ages, later known as darkness, began and ended before the dawn of the Italian Renaissance in15th century. The arrival of the Middle Ages marked the beginning of the Western Christian era. Religion had a deep influence on sculpture in this period, and the asceticism of the tomb supervisor influenced the sculptor's creative inspiration. Most of the sculptures at that time had a strong asceticism color, and the religious spirit tendency embodied in art reached its peak in the Middle Ages. Under the nurturing of the spirit of tomb supervision, Gothic art has made brilliant achievements, and Gothic art has become a reflection of civilized belief that fully praises God's glory. Early examples of Boundary Mountain include Notre Dame and chartres Cathedral. Perhaps it is precisely because of the long-term bondage and repression of medieval sculpture that the extraordinary explosive power of artistic revival appeared in the fifteenth century will be produced.

From the14th century, in Italy, people's reaffirmation of their own values and discovery of the world led to the Renaissance. During this period, artists regarded people as their own aesthetic symbol and pursuit object. This idea was developed and spread in the first half of 15 and 16 century, thus completely changing the face of Europe. At this time, many sculptors emerged in succession. For example, Donatello, Michelangelo, Tsukagoshi Hirotaka, etc. Renaissance sculpture and * * *

His skill, magnificent spirit and profound thoughts marked the second peak in the history of European sculpture after Greece and Rome. Michelangelo was the most important sculptor in the Renaissance. Many fine works of art created by him constitute the most classic examples of this period. /kloc-Rodin, a great sculptor in the 9th century, once concluded that "the statue of phidias is composed of four faces, while the statue of Michelangelo is composed of two faces." The change of physical composition in Michelangelo's works is not slight, but intense and distorted. In his creation, Michelangelo emphasized that "it should be measured by eyes, not by hands, because hands can only make and eyes can judge." Michelangelo's works have a strong humanistic color, especially in his later works, the tendency of using contrasting shapes to vent his inner grief and indignation is becoming more and more obvious. From about 1520 to the end of 16 century, stylism appeared. In this era, artists lack individuality and creativity, and blindly create a whole set of sculpture paradigms, imitating the style of predecessors, making it the subsequent decline stage of modern people, the Renaissance. Since then, baroque art appeared in Rome, and baroque art prevailed in Europe in the late 16 and 17 century. It formed a trend through painting and architecture and promoted European civilization. At this time, the most important sculptor was Benigni, who was called "Michelangelo in Baroque Period" with almost confusing realistic skills. The body language used to express passion or religious fanaticism in Benigni's works is more complicated. This kind of "quantity" twist, exaggerated expression, undulating figures and smooth lines, with its dramatic effect and monument momentum, make the magnificent court sculpture glow with strong artistic charm. Compared with the sculptures in the Renaissance, the sculptures in the Baroque period are less solemn, solemn and secure, and have entered people's lives extensively, becoming more secular. /kloc-in the 0 th and 7 th centuries, French classical sculpture and baroque style developed in parallel. This style pursues rigorous and gorgeous harmony and straight line, which is just the opposite of Baroque's curve-based form.

/kloc-in the 0/8th century, rococo art first appeared in the French court. This art form has been fully developed from 1720 to 1760. It evolved naturally from the baroque background and consciously broke away from the baroque style. Rococo-style sculptures are not as powerful in momentum as in Baroque period, and they pursue slender and powerless artistic effects. The representative figures of Rococo sculptors are falcone and Clodion. Neoclassical art rose in Rome in the mid-18th century and quickly spread to other parts of Europe. The movement seeks to reduce the theory of absolute beauty to aesthetic ideal, and attacks Rococo's perceptual tendency and complex form. 1790- 1840 popular neoclassical sculptures, with Canova, Thorvaldsen, and Udong. Among them, Wu Dong has made great achievements in portrait sculpture, and his famous works include The Portrait of Voltaire.

/kloc-In the 9th century, Paris replaced Rome as the cultural and artistic center of Europe. With the prosperity of capitalism, the development of sculpture art began to diversify, and many schools and theories appeared. In addition to neoclassicism, romanticism and realism have crossed successively.

Romanticism appeared in Europe in the18th century and gradually declined around the 1950s. The romantic movement claimed that the individual and personality were above everything else. It answered the cold kingdom of reason with strong emotion and imagination, and showed its rebellion against neoclassicism. It marks a complete break between art and all previous concepts. The representative figure of romantic sculpture is Luther, who is the author of the famous Paris Arc de Triomphe sculpture "La Marseillaise". He used symbolic means to make sculptures express people's passion for justice in wartime. Where is David? Angus and batiste? Kabo is also a representative figure of romanticism.

Around the 1950s, the French Realism Movement was born. Realism aims at opposing putting art under some rigid principles in the Academy of Fine Arts. This movement tries to make art closer to daily life and seek inspiration in reality in order to realize artistic ideals. Among realistic sculptors, Rodin's achievement is the highest. In the history of western sculpture, he is considered as a master after Michelangelo. At the same time, he also plays a connecting role in the history of sculpture. It was he who drew the curtain on the magnificent Zhandian sculpture and knocked on the door of modern sculpture. Starting from Rodin and handed down from ancient Greece, this art form based on respecting the beauty of objective truth-tomb edition-reached its peak. Since then, western artists have turned to pursue the truth of the mind expressed in their works. We are moved by Rodin's human body, not because of its vividness, but because there is a kind of vitality that expands outward through hard sculptures, but because those seemingly quivering bodies arouse the throb of our souls. Rodin's creation and artistic thought had a far-reaching influence on later sculptures. His masterpieces include The Thinker, The Kiss and Balzac.