Comparative analysis of international engineering project modes

International engineering project mode refers to the operation mode of project management by large international engineering companies or management companies engaged in engineering construction. In recent years, some advanced international engineering companies have introduced some mature project management methods to meet the needs of large-scale integrated project construction, large-scale project financing and project risk dispersion. This paper introduces the main situation of the traditional and widely developed project management mode in the world in recent years.

First, the traditional project management method is that the owner entrusts architects and consulting engineers to carry out all relevant work in the early stage, and then designs after the project is evaluated and approved. In the design stage, the construction bidding documents are compiled, and then the contractor is selected through bidding.

The advantages of the general model are: because it has been widely used all over the world for a long time, the management method is mature and all parties are familiar with the relevant procedures; You can freely choose a consultant and control the design requirements; You are free to choose a supervisor to supervise the project. Its disadvantages are: long project cycle, high owner management fee and high initial investment; It is easy to cause more claims when changing. Project manager alliance article, in-depth discussion.

2. Construction management method (CM method), also known as stage contracting or fast-track method, is a widely popular contract management mode abroad in recent years.

There are two common CM modes: the first mode is the "proxy" CM mode. In this way, CM manager is the consultation and agent of the owner. The service contract between the owner and CM manager stipulates that the fee is fixed fee plus management fee. The owner signs the project construction contract with the contractor at each construction stage. The second form is called "risk" cm. In this form, the CM manager also acts as the general contractor of the construction. Usually, the owner asks CM manager to put forward GMP to ensure the owner's investment control. If the final settlement exceeds GMP, CM Company will compensate; If it is lower than GMP, the saved investment belongs to the owner. However, CM company can get extra income because of the extra risk of guaranteeing the construction cost.

3. Design-build is a concise project management method.

After the project principle is determined, the owner chooses a company to be responsible for the design and construction of the project. This method is based on lump sum contract when bidding and contracting. The design and construction general contractor is responsible for the cost of the whole project. He first chooses a consulting design company to design, and then selects subcontractors by bidding. Of course, he can also use his own design and construction strength to complete some projects.

IV. BOT Mode BOT (Build-Operate-Transfer) is the transfer mode of construction-operation. This model arose abroad in 1980s. It relies on foreign private capital for infrastructure construction, or privatizes state-owned infrastructure projects as a project management model for financing construction.

1, the degree of owner's participation in construction activities is different.

(1) In the traditional project management mode, the owners hire consulting engineers to provide project management consulting, and cost engineers, quantity surveyors or cost engineers provide them with perfect project cost management services. In international projects, architects (designers) also undertake a lot of project management work for the owners, so the owners do not directly participate in the construction process.

(2) In the design and construction mode, the owner lacks project managers who directly serve him, so in the construction process, the owner must undertake the corresponding management work.

(3) In the construction project management mode, there is generally no general contractor, and the owner directly signs engineering contracts with most contractors. Although the construction manager assists the owner in the project construction management, the owner must properly intervene in the construction activities.

2. Designers have different degrees of participation in project management.

(1) Traditional project management gives designers (architects) an extremely important management position. Architects play a decisive role in most important project decisions, and the general contractor must obey the architect's instructions and work in strict accordance with the drawings. Therefore, under the traditional project management mode, the degree of designers' participation in management work.

(2) In the design and construction mode, both design and construction belong to the internal work of the same company, and the degree of design participation in management is also very high. Design and construction contractors usually act as contractors first and then as designers. Under the condition of lump sum contract, design and construction contractors pay more attention to cost and schedule. Design work and project management work are separated to some extent.

(3) In the construction project management mode, the design work and project management work are completely separated. Although the designer is an important participant in project management, the center of project management is the construction manager, who requires the designer to provide design documents at an appropriate time to cooperate with the contractor to complete the project construction.

3. The clarity of job responsibilities is different.

(1) In the traditional project management mode, the contractor's responsibility is to carry out the construction according to the architect's design drawings. Any possible engineering dispute starts with the design or construction, and then finds the reasons from other aspects. If the owner uses designated subcontractors, it will lead to more complicated and difficult division of engineering responsibilities.

(2) The design and construction law has the most clear division of responsibilities, and the contractor is responsible for all the work of the project, even if it is an accident caused by natural factors.

(3) In the way of construction project management, the owner and the contractor directly sign the project contract, which is conducive to clarifying the project responsibility.

4. The complexity of the applicable projects is different.

(1) The organizational structure of traditional project management is generally complicated, which is not suitable for the management of simple engineering projects. Traditional project management methods have designed all projects before bidding, and assume that designers are more knowledgeable than builders.

(2) The management responsibility of the design and construction method is concise, which is more suitable for simple projects and more complex projects. However, when the project organization is very complex, most design and construction contractors do not have the corresponding coordination and management capabilities.

(3) For very complicated engineering projects, the construction project management mode is the most suitable. In the construction project management mode, the construction contractor is in an independent position and has no interest relationship with design or construction, and the construction manager is better at organization and coordination. Similarly, the construction project management method is also applicable to simple projects.

5. Progress of project construction.

(1) Because the traditional project management method must complete the design before bidding, the progress of this method is the slowest. In order to overcome the disadvantages of slow progress, traditional project management methods often strive to make the contractors who may win the bid prepare for construction as soon as possible, or set up a large number of temporary quantities for construction bidding before the construction drawings come out. However, the effect of the above methods is not ideal, and problems often occur.

(2) The design and construction method has a clear working goal, which can make the design and construction overlap and start work ahead of schedule.

(3) The construction progress of the construction project management mode is the fastest, which can ensure the rapid construction of the project and a high level of overlap.

6. The early clarity of project cost is different. The upfront cost of the project is of great significance to most owners, but the project cost is uncertain due to the influence of risk factors.

(1) The traditional project management method has an early cost clarity. In the traditional project management mode, the bill of quantities is the direct factor that affects the cost. If there are a large number of estimated contents in the bill of quantities, the uncertainty of the cost will be great, and if the engineering quantity has been fixed, the uncertainty of the cost will be small.

(2) The design and construction methods are all turnkey contracts, including all work contents. Although the contractor may change the work content in order to solve some unexpected problems, he must take full responsibility for it. Theoretically, the project cost of design and construction mode may be higher, but the upfront cost is the clearest.

(3) The management mode of the construction project consists of a series of contracts, and with the progress of the work, the project cost becomes clear gradually. Therefore, it is generally impossible to determine the final cost of the project at the beginning of the project, and it can only be finalized when the project is close to completion.