What are the characteristics and organizational forms of trade?

Trade mode refers to the specific practices of various transactions adopted by buyers and sellers in international trade. Trade pa

What are the characteristics and organizational forms of trade?

Trade mode refers to the specific practices of various transactions adopted by buyers and sellers in international trade. Trade patterns also have certain characteristics and organizational forms. The following is the content of the trade model I compiled, I hope you like it!

& gt& gt& gt Please poke more knowledge about the workplace-the characteristics and composition of the team-the way and main features of advertising-the definition and evaluation of promotion strategies and methods-the main relationship between the characteristics of traditional media and trade methods. Every transaction must be conducted in a certain way. The transaction mode is formed by the buyers and sellers according to the needs of different commodities, different regions and different objects in the transaction process. At present, various trade modes are popular in international trade, and various trade modes can also cross. With the development of international trade, new ways of trade are constantly emerging.

Characteristics of trade mode: Diversification of multinational companies is conducive to developing compensation trade and expanding the export of device technology. Compensation trade is a barter trade, in which device technology and related products are exchanged. The supplier not only promises to provide the required device technology, but also promises to sell related products as compensation. If it is a single equipment manufacturer, it is difficult to accept this barter method. With the rapid development of diversified operation of multinational companies, the degree of forward economic integration of production enterprises is increasing day by day. At home and abroad, there are extensive sales agents or their own sales companies, which enable production enterprises to sell related resale products, thus expanding the sales of production materials by means of compensation trade, thus obtaining double profits.

The further development of world division of labor and the deepening of industrial transfer are another promoting factor of compensation trade. The economy of some developing countries has made great progress, and the good investment environment enables developed countries to transfer some technology and capital-intensive industries to developing countries. Although most of these industries are transferred to occupy foreign markets, a considerable number of products are sold back or used to assemble parts of the whole machine. For the purpose of industrial transfer, the exporter of device technology mainly benefits from the products sold back, not from the export of device technology. On the other hand, importers of equipment and technology introduce advanced equipment and technology through credit, establish production bases and export products at the same time, which constitutes another basis for possible compensation trade.

Advanced installation technology is the main contradiction between compensation trade parties. In order to strengthen the control of advanced technology and equipment, in the face of fierce market competition, related enterprises in developed countries have adopted different ways in industrial transfer. Direct investment is common, only using the land, labor, raw materials and power resources of the host country, and controlling the ownership and use right of production technology and devices in their own hands. However, because compensation trade is attractive to exporters of device technology with double profits, importers also have the ability to strive for the introduction of advanced device technology. The key to the transaction between the two parties is: (1) the competitive situation between the exporters of technical devices; ⑵ Market prospect of resale products or parts :⑵Matching ability of equipment technology importers: ⑵ Payment terms.

Lease trade refers to the long-term chattel lease between enterprises.

Leased goods are mainly capital goods, including mechanical and electrical equipment, transportation equipment, construction machinery, medical equipment, aircraft and ships, and even various large-scale complete sets of devices and facilities.

Lessors are generally quasi-financial institutions, that is, leasing companies affiliated with banks or trust and investment companies, and some professional leasing companies or manufacturers operate the leasing business of their own products.

The lessee is usually a production or service enterprise.

Lease trade is conducted on the basis of credit. The lessor provides the lessee with the necessary equipment, and the lessee pays the lessor rent regularly according to the lease contract. The ownership of the equipment belongs to the lessor and the lessee obtains the right to use it. The lease term is generally long, which is a trade way to realize medium and long-term financing in the form of financial materials.

Types of transaction methods a. financial leasing.

The subject matter of financial leasing is mainly to set up a leasing company, buy the equipment selected by the user and rent it to the user. The lease period is longer, which is close to the service life of the equipment. During the lease period, the user will repair and maintain the equipment by himself. After the lease expires, the equipment will be owned by the user. Or the user owns the device after paying the residual value.

During the whole service life of the equipment, it is only rented to one user, and the leasing company will share the cost, interest and expenses of the equipment and collect the rent from the lessee, so it is also called "full lease" or "one-time lease". This is the most basic form of leasing.

B. operating lease.

This form of lease has a short term. During the validity period of the equipment, it is not only rented to one user, but the rent paid by each user is only part of the equipment investment, so it is also called "incomplete payment" lease. During the lease period, the lessor shall provide maintenance services for the equipment to keep the equipment in good condition for re-lease. For the lessee, this kind of leasing method and the service provided enable him to obtain a high-tech device that always keeps normal operation, but the rent is also relatively high.

The subject matter of operating lease is general equipment. When the lessee only needs to use a common equipment for a short time, this kind of leasing method is often adopted.

The lessor operating the lease is usually a leasing company operated by the manufacturer or a professional leasing company.

C. subletting and leasing.

When China introduces foreign equipment by lease, domestic leasing companies often rent equipment from foreign leasing companies as lessees, and then sublet the equipment to domestic users. On the one hand, the leasing company operating sublease business provides credit guarantee for the users, that is, it assumes the responsibility of paying rent in its own name. On the other hand, it also undertakes the negotiation and signing of foreign-related lease contracts for users, as well as various import procedures and fees.

In addition to subletting, China Leasing Company also introduced foreign leasing companies to domestic user enterprises as an intermediary, and user enterprises directly signed contracts with foreign companies. China Leasing Company issued a letter of guarantee to ensure that domestic lessees pay rent regularly.

D. leaseback lease.

The lessee rents his own facilities from the lessor. Generally speaking, the lessee and lessor sign the lease agreement first, and then conclude the sales contract. The lessor purchases the subject matter and leases it to the lessee, that is, the original owner. This leasing method is mainly used for real estate, and the lessee sells the real estate to raise the required funds because of insufficient funds.

Leaseback leases are all financial leases. The selling price of the subject matter will be shared among the rents of each period. Therefore, in the leaseback business, the price of the subject matter often does not reflect the real market price, but depends more on the amount of funds required by the lessee. Of course, it is impossible to exceed its real market price.

According to its organizational form, the common trade forms in international trade can be divided into agreement trade, trade with fixed organizational form and trade without fixed organizational form.

Agreement trade is conducted according to the trade agreements signed by the two contracting parties, which can be divided into bilateral trade agreements and multilateral trade agreements, trade agreements between * * * and trade agreements signed by non-governmental organizations.

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The trade mode with a fixed organization is a trade mode in which transactions are conducted in a specific place according to certain rules and trading conditions, mainly including commodity exchanges, international auctions, tenders, international fairs and expositions. In international trade, some commodities, especially bulk commodities, are usually bought and sold by a fixed organization.

There is no fixed form.

The trade mode without fixed organization refers to a more flexible trade mode that does not follow fixed rules and trading conditions and trades in non-specific places. It can be roughly divided into two types: 1 is a simple way of buying and selling goods, such as unilateral export and unilateral import; 2

It is a compound purchase and sale method combined with other factors, mainly including agency, underwriting, fixed sales, consignment, compensation trade, barter trade, processing trade, leasing trade and so on. This method has great flexibility and can adapt to various needs in international trade.

Various modes of trade in the international market are gradually formed to meet different political and economic needs in the process of the emergence and development of capitalist modes of production and the continuous expansion of international trade. Since the 1960s, especially since the 1980s, due to the obvious decline in the external payment capacity of many developing countries and the resurgence of trade protectionism, some flexible trade methods, such as compensation trade, barter trade, raw material processing and raw material assembly, have become increasingly common. Each trade mode has its own characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, so we should choose a trade mode that is more feasible, less risky and more profitable according to the specific situation. Nowadays, in order to open wider to the outside world, China has flexibly adopted various international trade modes for different countries and regions, different trade targets and different commodities.

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