A brief introduction to the social and historical roots of the rise of fascist concern in Germany, Italy and Japan

The rise of Nazism in Germany has profound historical and social roots.

Germany, under the leadership of the Prussian Yongke nobles, achieved reunification through the dynastic war road of "iron and blood policy"

Jointly develop a powerful imperialist country, thus forming a deep-rooted militaristic tradition and feudal remnants.

In Europe, no country worships force and authority like Germany (especially Prussia). Peripheral Resistance Unit (peripheral resistance unit)

The warlord system and the spirit of militarism enveloped the whole society. This militaristic tradition of Germany is also an imprint of it.

The architectural remnants, especially the traditional forces of the Yongke nobles, are closely related.

The traditional power of the German Yongke nobles is mainly manifested in the control of the officers' corps, thus controlling it.

The army, followed by the position of senior officials, and the two are often closely combined. first time

On the eve of World War II, nobles did not distinguish between senior and junior officials, and officials at the rank of general and colonel.

50 a in the middle

More than that, 83% are governor-level officials, and 40% are foreign ambassadors and diplomatic envoys.

Above.

Germany was one of the "two most advanced emerging capitalist countries" at that time. From German unification to World War I

On the eve of World War II, industrial production in Germany increased by 4. 7 times, the growth rate is faster than that of Britain and France, and the total output accounts for.

Global 15.7%, ranking first in Europe. The concentration and monopoly of German production and capital are also higher than other capitalism.

Country.

Lenin pointed out in 19 19: German capitalism "is technically and politically

It is lower than the United States, but as far as the organizational nature of financial capitalism is concerned, monopoly capitalism has become a state monopoly.

Humanism, higher than the United States. "The German bourgeoisie has an advantage in the economic field, but it has no advantage in politics.

There is a complete competition with the Yongke nobles for the dominant position of state power in order to realize the establishment of the proposal.

The purpose of the democratic bourgeoisie and the state. Facing/kloc-the working class who stepped onto the political stage in the middle of 0/9th century, Germany

China bourgeoisie and nobility stand on the same class front against the revolution of the lower class. Besides, the aristocracy was right.

The bourgeoisie is not closed. Through marriage and feudalism, some big capitalists entered the aristocratic class. the other/opposite side

On the other hand, some nobles use their privileges to accumulate capital and participate in modern economic life, such as banking, industry and

The colonial cause gradually became a big capitalist. Through the unification of the dynastic war road and Bismarck's iron and blood policy, Rong

The Croatian-dominated German Second Reich not only ensured the development of domestic capitalist economy,

But also made progress in foreign expansion and European hegemony. This makes the emerging free bourgeoisie and nobility safe.

The leadership of the Conservative Party has a sense of nationalism and strong national consciousness. Yong ke's bourgeois capital sharing

The bourgeois Junker merged into an interest group living in the upper class of Germany.

The imperialist economic and political foundation of the Yongke bourgeoisie has created its representative figures, such as William I,

Bismarck, William II, Hindenburg and other "national leaders" and militaristic idols; The officer class that created it,

Bureaucratic politicians, monopoly groups and reactionary intellectuals have cultivated a kind of

The reactionary Prussian spirit. Advocating militarism and war and despising democracy and humanitarianism, right?

Worship leader authority and personal dictatorship, infatuation with national chauvinism and anti-Semitism, power politics.

And expansionist beliefs. , not only flooded the upper class of German society, but also poisoned the middle and lower classes.

Nazism was first bred in the imperialist soil of the Yongke bourgeoisie.

The crisis caused by the world war became the condition for its rise.

The imperialist characteristics of the Yongke bourgeoisie, coupled with the catastrophe of the four-year imperialist war, have made capitalism.

The disadvantages of a degree are more fully exposed in Germany. Under the influence of the October socialist revolution in Russia, from 19 18

165438+ 10, the Kiel sailor uprising began, and the revolutionary storm quickly swept through Germany. Oppose the "socialism" of the existing system,

It once became the dominant trend of thought at that time. When the red flag was raised, the original imperial government resigned and set up an engineer representative.

Soviets. Germany seems to be imitating the Soviet Union. However, the German working class's struggle for socialism was caused by

Because of its immaturity and division, it failed. At that time, it was regarded as a socialist party representing the working class.

Split into a majority social democratic party led by the right wing and an independent social democratic party in the middle; Left wing Si

A small number of Bataks remained in the independent Social Democratic Party, but later the German Production Party was established. in addition

On the one hand, hohenzollern's monarchy, which was originally dominated by Yong Ke nobles, could not be maintained.

Let's go

In this case, the politically weak German bourgeoisie relies on the support of the right-wing leadership of the Social Democratic Party.

19 19 years to establish a parliamentary democratic Weimar Republic.

In the bourgeois Weimar Republic, there are very sharp and complicated economic, political, social and national spears.

Shield. Political instability and social unrest have prompted many Germans to participate in political activities and break away from their own differences.

Starting from the interests of class and stratum, they tried to change the existing society they were dissatisfied with. The monarchy of the second Reich of Germany

The political system collapsed, but its old Prussian state machine remained intact. The influence of yongke nobles is influenced by

Blow, but not fundamentally touched, they became the right-wing conservative forces in German political life, often trying to.

The restoration of the Hohensolen dynasty constantly impacted Weimar * * * and the country from the right. Although the German proletariat is in the tenth place

The January Revolution failed, but after tempering, they established the German * * * Production Party. In German political life,

Form a revolutionary left-wing force and continue to struggle for socialism. A depressed economy, hyperinflation

The bloated and turbulent society makes the petty bourgeoisie eager to change the status quo and constitutes another one.

This kind of influence. In addition, the Treaty of Versailles imposed on the German people also seriously hurt the German people.

National pride. They often sum up all the disappointments and pains, such as poverty, want, bankruptcy and unemployment.

The failure of the "nation". Racial chauvinism and revanchism have expanded viciously. It should be assumed that the German Empire.

The Yongke militarist who committed the crime of defeat stabbed God in the back by spreading the so-called "1 1 sinner".

Words (1), after the November Revolution, Weimar who was born and undertook the signing and implementation of the Treaty of Versailles became a scapegoat.

Sheep. These intricate contradictions, struggles and social unrest were fully manifested in the outbreak of Germany after the First World War.

In a series of events. 1920 The Karp riots in which imperial soldiers tried to overthrow the * * * and the government mainly came from the right wing.

The influence of wing conservative forces. 1923 The Ruhr crisis triggered by France and Belgium was concentrated in Germany.

Contradiction with the victorious country. In the same year, the workers' uprising in Hamburg and the workers' governments in Thuringia and Saxony came from.

The impact of left-wing revolutionary forces. 1923165438+10 Hitler's beer shop riots came from the Nazi movement.

Influence.

The main force of the Nazi movement is the petty bourgeoisie.

The development of capitalism in Germany is later than that in Britain, France and other countries, and there are a large number of petty bourgeoisie facing division and destruction in society.

The bourgeoisie. According to the statistics of 1907, there are 5.247 million small business owners, small businessmen and small farmers in Germany.

There are 6.775 million staff and bureaucrats, and the whole petty bourgeoisie accounts for about half of the population. They have powerful

A strong desire to climb to the position of the big bourgeoisie, but the reality of capitalist competition makes most of them degenerate day by day.

Join the ranks of proletarians, especially those parts closely related to pre-capitalism, such as craftsmen.

And independent small farmers. Although the development of capitalism in Germany started late, it was menacing and the capitalist relations of production were crowded out.

The process of pre-capitalist production relations and monopoly enterprises rejecting small and medium-sized enterprises is more intense than other countries.

The first world war and the post-war crisis have dealt an unprecedented blow to all classes of the petty bourgeoisie.

Strike. They not only lost the hope of "getting ahead", but also found it difficult to maintain their "independent" status.

As a result, many people quickly fell into the bottom of society, forming a social destructive force. These people were included in the war.

Bankrupt small and medium-sized owners (only 19 16) promulgated the so-called "Hindenburg Plan", which increased the number of enterprises in the light industry sector.

It has fallen by more than half, of which the weaving industry 1.900 enterprises closed down) lost its original right class nature.

Long-term unemployed workers and rogue proletarians (the number of unemployed people reached 1 10,000 in the first few years after the war), and a large number of "light" from the past.

Veterans who fell in the Rong circle (according to the Treaty of Versailles, 600 active-duty soldiers in Germany were laid off and repatriated.

Ten thousand, many of them can't adapt to the life of civilians, and they can't find suitable ones in the economic downturn.

Occupation), and those intellectuals who have suffered from war and unemployment and lost confidence in the future. These feelings

I was abandoned and betrayed by society, and I was dissatisfied with everything around me. They tend to oppose capitalism.

Come, and can't accept the proletarian revolution to eliminate private ownership; It not only requires changing the existing social system, but also is intangible.

There is a strong desire to destroy the future and way out. They are often anxious to vent on temporary actions, no matter how much it costs.

No matter who opposes it-Bolsheviks, Jews, speculators, * * * and the government, war.

triumph ...

Facts show that the Nazi movement developed from this social class.