What diseases are passed on from parents to their children?

We all know that every embryo is formed by the combination of sperm and egg, after the combination of slowly growing in the womb of the mother-to-be, and ultimately the mother-to-be to go through 8 to 9 months of time to give birth to the beloved baby, have done the mother know that it is not easy to carry a baby in October, especially to the late stages of pregnancy, sleep, diet, exercise need special attention, the mother-to-be hope that the baby can be safe and healthy growth. What are the diseases that can be passed on from parents to their children? The first thing you need to do is to get your hands on a new pair of shoes or boots.

A, what is a genetic disease

Genetic disease is caused by changes in the genetic material or disease-causing genes controlled by the disease, usually congenital, and some may also be acquired. There are about 40 common genetic diseases in China, including thalassemia, congenital neural tube malformation, congenital stupidity, albinism, hemophilia, congenital deafness, color blindness, chondrodysplasia, and mucopolysaccharidosis. Genetic diseases seriously affect the normal development of the child, not only will bring physical and mental pain to the child, but also to the parents of the psychological damage.

Two, which diseases will be hereditary

1, hemophilia: a typical companion genetic disease, only boys will be sick, female gene carriers will be the disease-causing genes to their offspring, which half of the male offspring may be sick. Males with the disease usually die before adulthood without passing on the gene.

2. Breast cancer: the prevalence of family heredity is 7-8 times higher than that of normal people. Breast cancer is a disease with obvious hereditary characteristics. If more than one person in a family suffers from breast cancer, one should be suspicious of hereditary breast cancer.

3, diabetes: diabetes is an endocrine metabolic disease with family genetic tendency. The genetic tendency of type II diabetes is more significant than that of type I diabetes.

4, heart disease: if the parents suffer from heart disease, the children's chance of heart disease is 5-7 times higher than the children whose parents do not have heart disease.

5, hypertension, hyperlipidemia: if one parent suffers from hypertension or hyperlipidemia, the chance of the child's disease is 50%; if both parents suffer from hypertension or hyperlipidemia, the chance will increase to 75%.

6, obesity: one parent is obese, the possibility of the child overweight is 40%; if both parents are obese, the possibility will increase to 70%. Even so, as long as the child has been adhering to a healthy diet and exercise, can grow into a normal weight child.

7, vision problems: myopia and legacy color blindness, amblyopia, nearsightedness and other vision problems are also hereditary. Yes, you read that right, myopia is also hereditary! Stewart from Pediatric Ophthalmology in Baltimore, USA. Dr. Danknai said, color blindness gene is only carried by the mother, and only boys will suffer from the disease, the chance of inheritance is 50%; for myopia, if both parents are nearsighted, then the child myopia chances are 25%-50%, especially when both parents are highly myopic, the baby genetic myopia chances will be greater, even if not born nearsighted, once by the environmental impact, may develop into myopia. The number of people who become myopic because of genetic factors only accounts for 5% of the total number of myopia, but the influence of the acquired environment and habits should not be ignored. There are also parents who are not myopic but carry the myopia gene, which may be passed on to their children, so it is more important to pay attention to the children's eye hygiene in order to prevent myopia.

8, skin cancer: black tumor is an uncommon but very fatal skin cancer. If one of the parents suffers from melanoma, the chance of the child getting the disease is 2% to 3%; if both parents suffer from melanoma, the chance will be increased to 5% to 8%; if the parents are diagnosed with melanoma before the age of 50, the chance of the child getting the disease will be even higher.

9, rhinitis: many nasal diseases are hereditary. For example, the most common allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinitis and chronic sinusitis, these three rhinitis have a family genetic predisposition.

10, baldness: only passed to men. For example, the father is bald, the probability of inheritance to the son is 50%, even the mother's father, will leave their own baldness 25% of the probability of the grandchildren. This gender-specific genetic tendency to pass on to men leaves men with nothing to lose.

11, osteoporosis: mothers suffering from osteoporosis disease, the incidence of daughters suffering from brittle bones will be very high, so they are also more likely to have broken bones, hunchback, stooping, broken hips and so on.

12, mental illness: one parent is schizophrenic, the incidence of their children is about 15%, both parents are schizophrenic, the incidence of children in about 40%.

13, depression: studies have found that certain psychological and emotional problems are also related to family genetics. A woman has a 10 percent chance of inheriting a mood disorder from her mother. Therefore, if there is a family history of obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, mania and other mood disorders, parents should pay more attention to the child's mood, if the child appears anorexia, anxiety, irritability, inattention and so on, it is recommended to seek medical attention.

14, eczema: eczema when an allergic reaction, the hereditary rate is as high as 50%. Some parents said that the couple did not have eczema, but the baby is always growing eczema, and how is this? Howard of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center in the United States. Dr. Saar said that what parents inherit to their children is not allergic diseases, but allergy genes, so even if the parents have not had eczema, the child may be prone to eczema because of the inherited allergy genes. If there is a history of eczema in the family, the child is more likely to have eczema, so parents must give their babies good skin care.

15, migraine: migraine is also a hereditary disease, if one of the parents have migraine, the child's chance of disease is 50%; if both parents have migraine, the child's chance of disease will be higher.

16, irritable bowel syndrome: a study at the University of Sydney found that people with irritable bowel syndrome, his immediate family often have similar symptoms. U.S. Maryland University School of Medicine pediatrician Dan. Levy pointed out that the typical symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome is cramping abdominal pain or alternating diarrhea and constipation, if the doctor diagnosed the child is irritable bowel syndrome, the parents should urge the child to develop healthy habits, eat more food containing probiotics to maintain intestinal health.

Third, how to prevent genetic diseases?

1, avoid consanguineous marriages: consanguineous marriages with children born with the children's intelligence than non-consanguineous children much worse, and the incidence is very high, so must avoid consanguineous marriages.

2, do a good job of pre-marital health checks: the prevention of genetic diseases in the next generation begins with the choice of spouse and marriage in this generation. Have determined the relationship between men and women, in the marriage registration procedures should be done before a comprehensive and systematic health checks to protect the health of men and women, scientific choice of life partner, to protect the marriage after the continuation of the beautiful, to prevent genetic diseases, is the realization of the important premise of the future generation of eugenics.

3, to avoid the high age of childbearing: childbearing age is best not more than 35 years old, because of the age of maternal cellular aging, vulnerable to external viral infections, fertilization of the formation of individuals prone to chromosomal diseases.

Four, parental characteristics genetic

1. life expectancy

Life expectancy is a genetic basis. We can see that there are some families in which every member lives a long time, but there are also short-lived families. There is a tendency for longevity to cluster in families. If there is a precedent of longevity in your family, then the likelihood of your children living long lives is high.

The most convincing is a survey of identical twins. Statistics show that for twins who died between the ages of 60 and 75, there was an average difference of four years in the time of death for male twins and only two years for female twins. However, life expectancy is also affected by environmental factors, such as dietary habits, living environment, working environment, etc., also in varying degrees of human life expectancy.

2. Height

Research shows that 70% of a person's height depends on heredity, and the influence of acquired factors only accounts for 30%. Generally speaking, if the parents are taller, the chances of the child being taller is 3 and shorter is 1, and vice versa for short stature; if one parent is taller and one is lower, it depends on other factors.

3. Fat and thin

There is a certain heritability in human body shape. For example, some of us eat the same food and get the same amount of exercise, but some of us have normal body shapes and some of us are fat or thin. Research suggests that different people have different metabolic rates, and those with lower metabolic rates are usually prone to weight gain, which is determined by genetic factors of body shape. If the parents are of the type that tends to gain weight, the child tends to be fat. Therefore, after the birth of such a child, feeding should pay attention to nutritional balance, do not eat too much. If one of the parents is obese, the child's chance of gaining weight is 30%. If both parents are obese, the child's chance of gaining weight is 50-60%. There are also some claims that the mother plays a larger role in the child's body shape, meaning that the child is more like the mother regardless of gender.

4. Skin color

Skin color tends to be unbiased when it comes to heredity, leaving no choice. It always follows the natural law of "multiplication and averaging" and imprints the child with the parents' "combined color". For example, parents with darker skin, there will never be a child with white skin; if one of the parents is darker, one is lighter, then in the embryo, "average", then the child will form a neutral skin color that is not black or white. Therefore, a child born of a yellow race must have a yellow skin color. A foreign student from Africa found a Chinese woman with a dark skin color, and the child was indeed dark-skinned.

5. Eyes

Shape: The shape of the parents' eyes has an obvious effect on the child. For children, the shape of the eyes and the size of the eyes are inherited from their parents, and large eyes are dominant over small eyes. As long as one parent has large eyes, the likelihood of having a child with large eyes is greater.

Eyelids: Generally speaking, if a person with single eyelids marries a person with double eyelids, the child is very likely to have double eyelids. Therefore, some children are born with a single eyelid, and when they become adults, they will "make up" for their father's double eyelids. According to statistics, the proportion of infants with double eyelids is only 20%, high school students are 40%, and college students account for about 50%. But if both parents are mono-eyed, the child will generally be mono-eyed too.

Eye color: When it comes to eye color, darker colors such as black are dominant over lighter colors. This means that if you are envious of blue eyes and choose a blue-eyed person as your lover, but because you are dark-eyed, the resulting child will not be blue-eyed.

Eyelashes: Long eyelashes are also dominantly inherited. The likelihood of a child inheriting long eyelashes is very high if one of the parents has moving long eyelashes.

6. Nose

In general, a large, tall nose with wide nostrils is dominant. If one of the parents has a straight nose, the likelihood of passing it on to the child is very high. In addition, the genes for noses continue into adulthood, meaning that people with short noses as children have the potential to grow into adults with tall noses.

7. Ears

The shape of the ears is hereditary, and large ears are dominant and small ears are recessive. If one parent has large ears, it is highly likely that the child will also have a pair of large ears.

8. Jaw

It's definitely dominant, and in nine cases out of ten, the child will grow up with a similar jaw if either parent has a large, prominent chin, a trait that shows up very clearly.

9. Voice

Children's voices are usually very close to those of their parents, and the resemblance is greater than that of their looks or physical appearance. If the father has a hearty laugh and the mother has a loud voice, it is hard to imagine the child having a thin voice. Usually, a son's voice is very close to his father's, and a daughter's voice is very much like her mother's.

The height, volume, and quality of the voice are not only related to the larynx, but are also determined by the size of the nose, the size of the open mouth, the length of the tongue, and the bones of the face. Moreover, these aspects are invariably inherited from the parents' genes, so it is not surprising that the voice is inherited.

10. Intelligence

While intelligence is not entirely determined by genetic factors, it is related to heredity. Human intelligence depends on both genetic and environmental factors. It is generally believed that heredity plays a large role, and the environment determines the other 40%. Some people have studied a group of children with an IQ of 140 points or more over a long period of time, from which it was found that these children had maintained their excellent talents when they grew up, and the IQ of their children averaged 128 points, which was much higher than that of the average child. As for those who were mentally defective, 59 percent of their children were mentally defective or mentally retarded.

In the genetic inheritance of intelligence, it includes not only IQ, but also emotional intelligence. The so-called emotional intelligence refers to aspects of a person's personality, temperament, ability to deal with others, and sociability. For example, some children resemble their fathers in their ability to handle things and socialize, while other aspects, such as personality and temperament, resemble their mothers.

11. Parental Talents

Both mothers and fathers are likely to pass on their talents to their children, making the children's potential in certain areas high. Thus, a certain talent of the parents, if properly developed under the influence of the surrounding environment, can lead to better development of the child in this area. Since ancient times, many families with high intelligence structures have emerged, such as the musicians Bach, Mozart and Weber, in whose families many musicians have appeared over several generations. Also, Zu Huanzhi, son of the famous scientist Zu Chongzhi, and Zu Hao, grandson of Zu Chongzhi, during the North and South Dynasties in China, were both mechanical inventors, as well as famous astronomers and mathematicians. This phenomenon of familial aggregation of intelligence precisely illustrates the role of innate and acquired factors on talent gifts.

Children inherit at least 11 traits from their parents! So, it wouldn't be a surprise if someone said that you and your child are literally cut from the same mold!