The main process and basic content of Meiji Restoration

I. Background (historical conditions)

Basic national conditions:/kloc-In the middle of the 9th century, Japan was a backward feudal country, with the shogunate in power and the emperor as a puppet.

1, the serious crisis in the feudal Tokugawa era-inevitability

(1) internal worries: ① politics: strict hierarchy makes domestic class contradictions sharp. (especially junior soldiers, eager to change the status quo)

② Economy: The formation and development of capitalist relations of production were hindered by the Tokugawa era.

(3) Diplomacy: The closed-door policy has seriously hindered the development of Japan's social economy and emerging capitalist relations of production, making Japan lag behind the world.

Peasant uprisings continued, industry and commerce were dissatisfied, and middle and lower class soldiers gradually developed rebellious ideas. 1837 The Heilang Uprising in Great Yanping indicated that the ruling foundation of feudal society began to shake.

(2) External invasion: The invasion of western powers led to a serious national crisis in Japan, which aggravated the social crisis.

2. The movement of "respecting the king and rejecting the foreign countries" and the armed curtain-dropping movement rose one after another. The curtain-dropping faction established the Meiji government and overthrew the Tokugawa era. -Possibility

(1) "the return of the big government", the closing movement achieved initial victory.

(2) The Battle of Chen Wu: The Battle of Bird Feather and Fujian destroyed the shogunate regime.

(3) 1869, the Meiji government officially moved its capital to Tokyo.

Second, the main process and basic content,

After the Tokugawa era was overthrown, the Meiji government carried out a series of reform measures, gradually abolished the old feudal system and established a new system to promote the development of capitalism, known as the Meiji Restoration.

The role of domain metrics

Politics-

The abolition of the feudal hierarchy "equality of the four people" provided a large number of free labor and capital for the development of capitalism and established a social system suitable for the development of capitalist economy.

Making a Constitution: The Constitution of the Great Japanese Empire (1889) was the first bourgeois constitution in modern Asia, which made Japan the first constitutional country in Asia and established the political system of modern Japanese monarchy.

The economic development of the monetary reform in the new economy: taking the Japanese yen as the only currency in China.

Reform the land system: abolish the land ownership of feudal lords, confirm the private ownership of land and allow land to be bought and sold. It has improved the enthusiasm of landlords to manage agriculture, promoted the development of agriculture and increased the government's fiscal revenue.

Local tax reform: land tax is levied on landowners at 3% of land price, and the original real tax is replaced by monetary tax, which promotes the development of rural commodity economy, increases the government's fiscal revenue, and provides a guarantee for the national industrialization policy.

"aquaculture": 1. Use government power to introduce technology and equipment, and establish "model" enterprises that private enterprises can follow. Modern transportation is initiated by the state, which lays the foundation for industrial development. 3. Use government power to support and protect the development of private capitalism. Specific measures: ① The government will transfer most state-owned enterprises other than railway and military enterprises to private capitalists free of charge or at preferential prices. The government provides financial support to private capitalists through grants and preferential loans. It provided a favorable guarantee for national industrialization. By the early 1990s, Japan had initially realized capitalist industrialization.

Culture and education-advocate "civilization", send overseas students for further study, translate western works, and let more people know and understand western civilization.

Carry out educational reform and establish a modern educational system to provide a large number of talents with advanced western scientific and technological knowledge for Japan's social and economic development; However, instilling loyalty to the monarch among students has a strong feudal color.

The westernization of living customs has promoted Japan to learn from the west, absorb western ideas, cultures and customs, and change its backwardness and ignorance.

Military-establishing a new army and compulsory military service system, abolishing the monopoly of samurai on military privileges, and establishing a modern army have played an important role in improving Japan's national status; But with a strong color of feudal militarism, Japan soon embarked on the road of foreign aggression and expansion.

Establish a standing army after Europe and America

Improve military equipment and introduce new weapons.

Modern military enterprise

Set up military academies to train military talents.

Third, the historical position of the Reform in Japan's modernization process.

Meiji Restoration has a milestone historical position in the process of Japanese modernization.

Positive impact:

1. Politics: Japan got rid of the national crisis and became the first constitutional country in Asia, ranking among the world powers; At the same time, it provides enlightenment and experience for Asian neighbors.

Economy: Make feudal and backward Japan embark on the road of developing capitalism and gradually develop into a capitalist power in Asia.

3. Culture: With the spread of modern western ideology and culture, the social outlook of Japan has undergone profound changes.

Limitations: A large number of feudal remnants and militaristic traditions have been preserved.

1. economy: the passivity of land ownership is constantly emerging, and the poverty of farmers affects the expansion of the domestic market and restricts industrial development.

2. Politics: After the promulgation of the Constitution, the vassal government still monopolized the political power for a long time, the parliament was in name only, and the people had no democratic rights.

3. Culture: the ignorant policy pursued by the vassal valve and the deep-rooted idea of worshipping the emperor.

4. Foreign relations: the combination of narrow nationalism and militaristic tradition has pushed Japan to join the ranks of aggression, become a new imperialist country, and invade and expand its Asian neighbors (the historical facts of Japan's aggression against Asian neighbors: the annexation of Ryukyu; Invade Korea; Invade China: invade Taiwan Province Province, provoke the Sino-Japanese War, and participate in Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China. The limitations of reform also led Japan to provoke the Second World War and become the chief culprit of the war.

Fourthly, the enlightenment of Meiji Restoration.

The Meiji Restoration followed the trend of historical development, established a capitalist system and developed a capitalist economy in Japan, which was a historic progress. However, Japan soon embarked on the road of foreign aggression and expansion, which brought profound disasters to Asian countries and violated the values of peaceful development, which is worth pondering by future generations and other countries.

solve problems

First, understand the diversity of the road to modernization

Bourgeois revolution or reform is the main manifestation of bourgeois political movement, and countries have taken different ways to embark on the road of capitalist development: first, bourgeois revolution; The second is the national liberation movement; Third, top-down bourgeois reform; The fourth is the national unity movement. The purpose of bourgeois political movement is to open the way for the development of capitalism, and the factors that hinder the development of capitalism are different in different countries, so different ways are needed to eliminate the obstacles on the road of capitalist development. Therefore, the bourgeois revolution or reform in modern countries has both obvious characteristics and distinct diversity.

Second, the reasons for the success of Meiji Restoration

1. Social background: Japan's feudal autocratic rule is relatively weak, which makes the anti-curtain faction grow rapidly;

2. Leadership: the anti-curtain faction is powerful and has its own armed forces; Supported by the emperor and powerful vassals in southwest China; Overthrow the Tokugawa era and establish a new regime.

3. Reform measures: After the establishment of the new regime, the anti-curtain faction carried out comprehensive, effective and drastic reforms;

4. International environment: The international environment is favorable and there is less external interference.

3. What influence did the invasion of western capitalism bring to Japanese society?

(1) The invasion of western capitalism opened the door to Japan; The signing of the unequal treaties destroyed Japan's sovereignty, reduced it to a semi-colonial country and deepened the national crisis.

(2) The impact on Japanese society intensified social contradictions and further shocked the Tokugawa era.

③ It impacted the old system, objectively promoted the social and economic development of Japan, and accelerated the disintegration of feudal natural economy.

With the introduction of advanced ideas, people of insight began to learn from the West. The invasion of foreign powers further exposed the backwardness of Japanese society and the decay of the Tokugawa era, so the voice against the Tokugawa era and demanding social change became stronger.

Fourthly, analyze the reasons why the armed forces behind the scenes quickly defeated the shogunate army.

Domestic: Tokugawa era was unpopular and widely hated; More famous will leave the shogunate and participate in the unveiling war; Mitsui and other big businessmen began to provide more financial support to the new government; The people hate the shogunate and support the government forces to fight; The new government abolished the tyranny of the shogunate and won the support of the people by reducing rents and taxes; The government forces have clear operational objectives and high morale.

International: Western powers declared neutrality; British businessmen sold a lot of weapons to the rebels.

V similarities and differences between meiji restoration in Japan and serfdom reform in Russia

1, the same as:

(1) background: the requirements for the development of capitalism to a certain stage; Faced with a governance crisis, it was forced to carry out reforms.

(2) Mode and nature: the rulers carried out top-down bourgeois reform.

(3) Impact: A is beneficial to the development of capitalism; B there are a lot of feudal remnants; C invaded and expanded abroad after the reform.

2. Different:

(1) Direct cause: Japanese national crisis intensified social contradictions, which led to the overthrow of the Tokugawa era; Russia's failure in foreign wars aggravated the crisis of serfdom.

(2) Process: Meiji government reformed after Japan overthrew the Tokugawa era. Russia was completely peaceful, and the czar signed a decree to abolish slavery.

(3) Depth: Japan's measures to develop capitalism are comprehensive, and there are various laws and regulations to encourage the development of capitalist industry and commerce, and the laws prohibiting the sale of land are abolished; Russia lacks specific measures to develop capitalism, mainly liberating serfs and redeeming land. A series of bourgeois reforms were carried out behind the scenes. (4) Effect: Japan developed much faster than Russia and soon became an Asian power. Japan defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904- 1905.

6. What's the difference between Japan's industrial development and Britain's?

(1) British industrial development is the natural result of its own productivity. The process of Japan's industrial development is the result of foreign invasion and strong changes.

(2) While Japan is developing its industry, Britain and other countries have started the second industrial revolution. In order to catch up with the developed countries, Japan absorbed the advanced achievements of the second industrial revolution while carrying out the first industrial revolution.

(3) The concrete manifestations are as follows: ① The main technologies of British industrial development and industrial revolution were developed by themselves. The Japanese government introduced foreign advanced technology and equipment to set up factories. (2) Britain implements a liberal economic policy. The Japanese government strongly supports and protects the development of private capitalism.

Seven. Constitution of the Great Japanese Empire (1889)

Content:

To stipulate that the emperor should take over sovereignty according to the Constitution; Parliament praised the emperor for exercising legislative power, but only the power to examine the national budget; The cabinet is responsible to the emperor; Citizens have the right to speech, assembly and association, but they are called "subjects" under the rule of the emperor, and their rights may be deprived and restricted at any time; The emperor has the command of the army, and the cabinet has no right to ask.

Evaluation:

It stipulates some basic rights and political participation of the people, and formally establishes a national system of "separation of powers", which is conducive to social progress and historical development. Its promulgation marked the basic establishment of the ruling order of the joint dictatorship of Japanese landlords and bourgeoisie and imperial power, consolidated the political system of modern Japanese emperors established after the Meiji Restoration, and made Japan the first constitutional country in Asia. It took the form of constitutional monarchy, but in fact it still practiced autocratic rule. The emperor has absolute power, and the vassal valve holds political power in the name of the emperor, which has a strong feudal nature.