The main types of social communication

Zimmer deeply analyzed the influence of the number of people on the form of interaction, that is, taking the number of people participating in the interaction as the standard.

Interaction between two people: two individuals participate in the interaction, and each party only needs to face one side, so it is easier to fully consider the specific needs, wishes and individual characteristics of the other party, and it has intimacy and uniqueness that cannot be realized in other forms, resulting in exclusive characteristics. It may also make the conflict between two individuals more intense.

Three-person interaction: three people participate in the interaction, and each party needs to consider the personality characteristics of two people. If there is a conflict between the two parties, the third party can choose to act as (1) intermediary to mediate (2) the arbitrator fairly and objectively from the outside, and settle the dispute fairly with the consent of both parties. (3) profiteers demand benefits on the grounds of supporting one party. (4) Separatists and conquerors.

Multi-agent interaction: Multi-agent interaction will form a social network. Among them, large groups will form a structure that transcends individuals; In formal organizations, division of labor and organization are more standardized, which restricts individuals. Depending on the type of interactive topic.

Interaction between individuals: the process of conscious and purposeful interaction between individuals as actors. Interaction takes place between specific individuals, which is direct and face to face; Both sides understand their respective roles, purposes and means; Both sides feel the result of communication; Personal feelings play a greater role.

Interaction between groups: the process of interaction between groups. Although this interaction is also achieved through groups, individuals appear as group representatives, and their behavior patterns are more formally divided according to the interactive social interaction.

Work situation: the two sides have clear goals, clear division of labor, a little behavioral restrictions, and less emotional communication. Such as transactions, negotiations, meetings, classes, etc.

Social environment: interaction for interaction's sake, no other purpose. Some topics that have no practical significance are easy to show personality, produce a sense of pleasure, and have certain emotional input, which plays an important role in communication and understanding and promoting the development of relations. Such as banquets, dances and outings.

Familiar with the situation: daily communication with acquaintances. There is no specific purpose, and the behavior is more casual, and you can act according to social customs. For example, family, relatives, neighbors and colleagues after work.

The above division is not absolute, it has greater subjective initiative and flexibility, and the situation and behavior can also be decided by the participants through consultation. For example, casual clothes can be worn to work on casual Fridays. For example, Google's working environment is mainly to support everyone's thinking, supplemented by constraints. Sometimes guests are invited to "do things", and business and personal affairs are solved at the dinner table, which makes it difficult for people to be selfless and business-like. In view of the chaotic scenes caused by China's unique dining table culture, we can advocate the moral restraint of self (relatives and friends) and strengthen the legal restraint, which is the need of social civilization and progress, and also a direction for China people to change their social communication methods. According to the relationship between individuals in interaction and its nature.

Emotional relationship: primary groups such as family and close friends meet individual emotional needs such as care, warmth, security and belonging. Follow the rules of each according to his ability and each taking what he needs. When one person needs it, others will try their best to make it up.

Instrumental relationship: the relationship that occurs when interacting with others to achieve a certain goal. This kind of relationship is a tool to achieve the goal, and we don't expect long-term communication and emotional relationship. Follow the law of fairness, such as equal exchange between buyers and sellers.

Mixed relationship: between the first two, a person's relationship with relatives, general friends, neighbors, classmates, colleagues, fellow villagers, etc. There are emotional elements and tool elements. Following the law of human feelings, the depth of friendship and the size of face have an important influence on the way and result of communication.

Relationships can change. People in China often pay attention to human feelings and face. Sometimes, in order to achieve their goals, some people often want to change the instrumental relationship into a mixed relationship. Under the pressure of human feelings, the other party has to give face. According to the interests, power relations and their nature between social communication subjects.

Exchange: social interaction between individuals or groups aimed at obtaining returns or returns. Exchange follows the principle of reciprocity and helps to maintain the equality of exchange by creating continuous mutual obligations.

Cooperation: refers to individuals or groups acting together to meet the same interests or achieve the same goals, which is difficult or even impossible for one party to achieve alone. Broadly speaking, many aspects of social life must be based on cooperation. Without cooperation, there would be no group and society.

Successful cooperation should include: (1) individuals pursuing their own interests, competitors and even opposing individuals can sometimes cooperate; (2) They have a basic understanding of how to achieve their goals; If you have the same interests, you can think of each other and look at the problem from each other's point of view, which is more conducive to smooth cooperation; (3) Being able to cooperate with each other in behavior; (4) They can talk about credit.

Personality traits and interpersonal skills will also affect teamwork. Learning to cooperate has become the basic requirement for talents in the new century.

Cooperation can be (1) spontaneous cooperation and mutual assistance, which directly stems from the actual needs and possibilities in a certain situation. (2) Traditional cooperation has gradually stabilized the institutionalized habit. (3) Modern society is more guided and coordinated by a third party, that is, employers or professionals. (4) It can also be contractual cooperation, that is, formally agreeing to cooperate in some way and clearly defining each other's responsibilities.

Competition: it is a cooperation conflict, and there are some "rules" constraints. Achieving goals is more important than defeating opponents, and strangers can compete. Competition rules prevent the indirect opposition of competition from evolving into the direct opposition of conflict. Competition is particularly common in western society, which is the core content of American-style individual capital doctrine system.

Since the reform and opening up, the competition between individuals and enterprises has become a common phenomenon in China's social life. In the competition, people's work enthusiasm, enterprise management level and product quality have been significantly improved. However, due to the lack of perfect laws and regulations, there are still many vicious competition phenomena in China, such as counterfeit and shoddy products and sales kickbacks.

In the traditional concept, cooperation and competition are antonyms. In modern society, a new business strategy of integrating cooperation and competition has emerged, which may achieve a win-win situation. This concept can be widely used to promote the benign operation of society.

Conflict: it is the opposite of cooperation, which refers to the struggle against valuable cherished items or values; Here, the difference between conflict and competition (1) In order to achieve the expected goal, it is considered important to defeat the opponent in the conflict. (2) Both parties to the conflict have direct, open and face-to-face contact, which is a direct antagonistic relationship. (3) Both parties to the conflict have the same and different goals. If they are all fighting for political power, the new system to be established can be different. (4) The conflict is in form.

The types of conflicts that Zimmer divided are: (1) wars between groups (2) conflicts within groups (3) lawsuits (4) oppositions between ideas, which are often the most cruel and destructive. For example, behind many of the most serious conflicts in the world today, we can see the differences in religious concepts. Other classification types (1) between individuals or groups (2) economic/political/ideological/cultural/religious/racial/class conflicts (3) litigation/debate/quarrel/duel/fight/war, etc.

However, conflict can also have a positive impact and become a force to promote close unity between the two sides; It can also force both sides to face the problem directly and deepen understanding; It can also lead to necessary social changes. Although society can successfully eliminate conflicts to some extent, a society without conflicts will be lifeless and boring.

Coercion: refers to the tendency of individuals or groups to impose their will on others. Although the imbalance of power between the two sides ultimately depends on the use of material forces, such as the threat of violence or corporal punishment (weapons, troops, courts, prisons) and the pressure of spiritual forces (punishment, criticism, social pressure), they usually adopt some more subtle means of restraint, such as patriotism, love, faith or fear. Although coercion, like conflict, is regarded as a negative form of interaction, coercion also has positive social functions. For example, in the rules applied to education, the punishment usually implied is standardized.

Obedience and adaptation: it is an interactive form opposite to coercion, but there are still differences in meaning. Different from forcing one party to act according to the requirements of the other party, in obedience, one party voluntarily or actively adjusts its behavior, which is broader than obedience. In addition to obedience, it also means that both parties or parties adjust their behaviors to achieve mutual adaptation. The types of adaptation include reconciliation (friendliness), compromise (temporary calm) and tolerance (restraint). Most members obey the demands of the group. Without obedience, no group or society can function.