Hakka Cultural Development Essay

Hakka Cultural Development Essay Sample

The Ritual Culture of the Hakka Clan

Abstract A variety of rituals and activities not only relate to the memory of traditions and cultural inheritance, but also to the belonging to the group and group education. Especially for an ethnic group, the Hakka family groups live together and have formed their own unique cultural system over the centuries, and a series of ceremonial activities play an important role in the life of the group, some of which also contain rich and profound educational significance. Analyzing and studying these rituals is an important reference for understanding the unique ritual culture of the Hakka.

Keywords Hakka; clan; ritual; educational significance

Abstract variety of ceremonial activities involves not only traditional memory, cultural heritage, but also to the ownership of the community and education groups. Especially for an ethnic group, the Hakka clan cluster, for Especially for an ethnic group, the Hakka clan cluster, for thousands of years to form its own unique cultural system, a series of ritual activity plays an important role in their communities of life, some of which Analysis and study of these rituals, rituals for understanding the unique Hakka culture has an important reference. culture has an important reference.

Key words Hakka; clan; ceremony; educational

Rituals are a set of practical activities performed by combining behaviors and symbols as elements. It is a set of practical activities that are performed by combining elements of behavior and symbols. The earliest known rituals are those performed in primitive societies in the context of war, sowing seeds, hunting, seeking rain, and so on. After entering the civilized society, although the ritual activities involving superstition and witchcraft gradually died out, but other folk and official rituals continue to emerge, such as folk religion, sacrifices, cultural rituals, etc., the official political, administrative, educational rituals, etc., are all the time to tell us: the rituals in all aspects of our lives, all aspects of our lives are affected by them.

The Hakka community is a unique Han tributary community, which is accustomed to living in clusters due to historical reasons, resulting in the formation of a unique Hakka settlement community. Bailu Village in the Gannan area of Jiangxi Province is very typical of such a community, which, after more than 800 years, has formed a unique community with 98% of its population? The village has formed a Hakka community with 98% of the population being Hakka. The Hakka clan has gathered in the area. In the process, it has also formed its own set of ritual systems, of which there is a ritual that I believe best reflects the unique culture of the Hakka as well as the ritual education of the Hakka clans that this paper will explore, that is, the White Heron Village's ? The Ancestral Hall Ceremony. The so-called "Ancestral Hall Ceremony" is the most important ceremony in Hakka culture. Ancestral Hall Ceremony is just a very general concept, specifically, the ancestral hall as a fixed place in the clan to hold a variety of ceremonies, and these ceremonies can bring some degree of educational significance to the members of the clan.

The village of Shiroku? The most important ceremony of the shrine is the festival of the dead. One of the most important ceremonies is the ancestor worship ceremony. Early in the morning of the first day of the Lunar New Year, a respected person in the clan will lead the clan members to the main ancestral hall to worship their ancestors, prepare the sacrificial vessels, and have someone to buy three animals and other sacrificial supplies. These highly respected elders then officiate at the ceremony, and men, women and children of the clan, under the direction of the officiating person, bow to the tablets and portraits of the ancestors, offer sacrificial wine and three animals and other fruits, and then recite the text of the ceremony, fire cannons, blow oboes, and beat gongs and drums. After the ancestor worship ceremony at noon, all the clansmen will have a meal, which is located in the hall of the ancestral hall, where all the clansmen talk and laugh, remembering their Hakka ancestors and thinking of their origins. In addition, they will sing in the ancestral hall for three days. Donghe Opera (Gannan Hakka opera) (one of the Hakka dramas in Gannan, evolved from Kunqu), and the whole clan, men, women and children, went to watch it together, which was very lively. Not only is the Donghe Opera sung in the Ancestral Hall, but also the Donghe Opera sung in the Ancestral Hall. The Donghe Opera is not only sung in the ancestral hall, but the clan also invites a troupe to the ancestral hall.

The second major ceremony is the "Sedan Chair", which is the first of its kind in the village. In the evening of the seventh day of the first month, in the general ancestral hall, incense and candles, the salute of the cannon, the village of each branch of the house (the clan below the various branches, White Heron Village, there are six branches of the house) to send strong students, every three houses for a team, divided into two teams, each five to six people, respectively, clustered in a? The wells are in the shape of two large wooden frames in the shape of a zigzag. The two teams were divided into two teams of about five to six people each, clustered on either side of a large wooden frame in the shape of a "well", grabbing the frame and pulling it desperately in the direction of each team, starting from inside the General Ancestral Hall. The whole process was extremely intense, both sides fought as if they were really red-eyed and vicious, and everyone had to hang on to their bodies, using bruises and swollen noses and swollen faces, and split flesh to describe it is not an exaggeration. This back and forth to last dozens of rounds, as little as ten minutes, more than an hour, the clan in the various branches of the house of the clansmen are for their own team shouting and cheering, the scene is extremely shocking. Until the two sides grabbed the exhaustion, and finally see which side can put? The winner is the one who can pull the sedan chair in his or her direction. The winner is the one who can pull the sedan chair in his or her direction. The winner not only brings honor to his or her own branch, but also receives two tubes of hemp cake as a reward. Afterwards, both sides go to the ancestral hall to drink and be a family again. Grabbing? Sedan Chair Racing There is a saying that the mountain behind Bailu Village is shaped like five tigers, and the people in the village are afraid that it is too heavy, so they grab the sedan chair and hit the sedan chair. Sedan chair? The intention is to knock the mountain to shake the tiger. Another theory says that the Hakka people are brave and aggressive, the annual robbery? Sedan chair? activities can meet the clan of the latter's desire to fight the courage, but also to make the clan united in harmony, enhance the cohesion of the clan.

The last ceremony is held in the ancestral hall of a variety of disciplinary activities, the Hakka people have always attached importance to education, in the village of Bailu circulated this sentence? Therefore, the culture of the clan is prevalent, the clan is good manners, especially valuing a person's character. Therefore, the clansmen treat people and things in an orderly manner and pay special attention to etiquette and upbringing. However, sometimes there are clansmen who do not know what they are doing and violate the etiquette and rules. According to the author's understanding, there are three kinds of cases: first, there are those who steal and commit crimes; second, there are those who do not respect the old and love the young; and third, there are those who do not have any etiquette and disdain for customs and traditions. In the first case, the respected elders of the clan would publicize what they had done. Afterwards, each branch house and the most important people in the clan call the offenders and their relatives to the main ancestral hall, where most of the clansmen are watching. They were asked to state their crimes in front of everyone, and at the same time to write a pledge that they would not do it again. In order to serve as a warning and punishment, but also to take off his shirt kneeling in front of the ancestral tablets, his father with three thin bamboo strips tied into a hand, on his back to carry out whipping, until the skin open bleeding. Finally, everyone went to his rescue, firecrackers, to show that the clan forgave him, hope that he has reformed from now on, at the end of the ceremony, the elders also solemnly requested that we are not allowed to discuss this matter in the future, to the disciplined people need to be treated equally. For the second and third situation of the disciplinary ceremony is a little lighter, the same is organized by the elders of the clan, requiring the punished person kneeling in front of the ancestral ancestral tablets, repentance and reflection, in front of the face of all the clansmen to admit their mistakes, to ensure that they correct their mistakes, to the whole clan to be the supervisors and witnesses.

The unique ancestral hall ceremonies in Bailu Village involve all aspects of community life, and they play an important role in the healthy functioning of the entire community, which can be roughly summarized as the following three points:

Firstly, it strengthens group cohesion, and reinforces group members' sense of identity and belonging to the group.

The ancestor worship ceremony held by the clan as well as the robbery? The beatings of the sedan chair? can bring clansmen together periodically, make them recognize the connection between themselves and the clan group, make them further affirm the value of the existence of the clan group, and strengthen the internal unity of the clan. The disciplinary ceremony, on the other hand, enables each clan member to realize that everyone is equal in the clan, to realize the leniency and benevolence of the clan for each member, and to enhance the clan's identity and sense of belonging to the clan.

Secondly, it restricts members' behavior and ensures group norms.

The most obvious is the disciplinary ceremony in the ancestral hall. Some of the most simple moral and ethical concepts are spread through such a performance ceremony in front of the public, and at the same time, the clansmen keep the moral and ethical norms of the fear of the people, and don't dare to test the law easily. They internalize them into their own behavioral norms, which play a role in all aspects of their lives, ensuring the implementation of the group norms to the best extent possible.

Thirdly, it elevates the spirit of the members and promotes group mobilization.

In the atmosphere of such a collective ritual, everything of the self, such as selfishness, inferiority, timidity, etc., is greatly weakened or even abandoned. It is like a religious ritual that leads people to aspire to a better state of mind, to take good conduct and cultivation as the standard of their words and deeds, and to strive to improve the state of mind of the self. This series of rituals can mobilize the whole clan members, and at the same time, it also mobilizes the resources of the whole clan, which is very beneficial to the clan to achieve the goal of public ****.

To sum up, we find that the ancestral rites of Bailu Village are not just a few simple customs and habits, but the whole clan is organized in an orderly way through the ancestral rites, and the various rites play their respective functions in the community life. They enhance the cohesion of the whole clan and strengthen the clan members' identity and sense of belonging to the clan; they constrain the behavior of the members and ensure the group norms; and at the same time, they sublimate the members' spirituality and promote the mobilization of the group. From this, we can see that when we come into contact with a culture, we should fully explore the hidden meaning behind various group rituals and the functions they play, and recognize the influence and role of group rituals on the group and its members from the perspectives of anthropology, sociology, history and other multidimensional disciplines.

References

[1](US) Franz Boas. Boas. Anthropology and Modern Life [M]. Liu Sha, et al. Beijing: Huaxia Publishing House, 1999.

[2] Emile? Turgon. The Basic Forms of Religious Life [M]. Dudong, Kaplan. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1999. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1999.

[3]Guo Yuhua. Rituals and Social Change [M]. Beijing: Social Science Literature Press, 2000.

[4]Zhong Xianze. Talking about the White Heron [Z]. Gan County Political Consultative Conference, 1999.

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A Study of the Impact of Hakka Culture on the Hakka Economy

Abstract This paper briefly explores the impact of Hakka culture on the Hakka economy through the theories of North and Graves, and finds that the lack of collectivism and commercial spirit in Hakka culture makes it impossible to establish efficient organizations and the Hakka economic order could not be expanded effectively.

Keywords Hakka culture, Hakka economy, impact

Culture and economic performance has been a fascinating topic in economic research. North emphasized that culture determines institutional change and institutions affect economic performance. Graves used the comparative institutional perspective to internalize and internalize cultural beliefs, and used game theory to prove that different cultural environments affect human behavior, and that different transaction costs under different behaviors lead to different organizational forms and performance. Therefore, the influence of culture on economy is indisputable. Guangdong is a typical example of cultural influence on economic performance, since the reform and opening up of the Guangdong economy has gone through a long 'development, but the differences between regions have obviously expanded, and the imbalance of development between regions has become increasingly prominent, especially the economic differences between the Hakka region and the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region are particularly prominent. It is necessary to analyze the culture of the Hakka region, and strive to analyze the Hakka culture suitable for economic development and prevent economic performance, to achieve the traditional culture of the abandonment of the Hakka region is beneficial to the long-term development.

I. Definition and main manifestations of Hakka culture

The American cultural anthropologists, A. L. Kroeber and K. Colakhorn, define culture as follows: culture exists in a variety of implicit and explicit modes, which can be learned and transmitted through the use of symbols, and constitutes the special achievements of the human group, which include a variety of specific styles of the objects they make. These achievements include the specific ways in which they make things. The basic elements of culture are traditional (historically derived and chosen) ideas and values, of which values are the most important. The Hakka people migrated from the Central Plains and developed their own unique cultural characteristics through integration and exchange with the local people. The ancestors of the Hakka people lived in? The ancestors of the Hakka people lived in the old Central Plains. In order to avoid war and chaos, the Hakka people kept migrating southward, and had migrated to Anhui, Jiangxi and other places, and later moved to the mountainous areas in northeastern Guangdong Province from Tingzhou, Fujian Province and Jiangxi Province. Hakka culture is characterized by mountainous culture. The history of the development of the Hakka region in northeastern Guangdong is a history of the development and reclamation of mountainous areas. In order to find a way out, Hakka men studied hard to get a job and went out to make a living, so that the burden of social production fell on the shoulders of women, who were engaged in woodcutting, animal husbandry, planting, sewing and cooking, which is a special feature of the Hakka people. Hakka culture is essentially a farming culture. The traditional farming culture is characterized by self-sufficiency and emphasis on merit. Commonly known as farming and reading to pass on the family. In fact, the emphasis on merit is a passive choice and corresponding response to self-sufficiency, the traditional natural economy, the production of similar products, trade to bring limited returns, so the emphasis on merit is to seek a higher return on one of the ways out. If the Hakka people who migrated from the Central Plains had a strong sense of family and loyalty.

Second, the way Hakka culture influences the economy

Graves ( 1994) explains the relationship between culture and economic growth from the point of view of cultural beliefs and social organization and institutional arrangements. He argues that: (1) the economic system consists of two related factors: cultural beliefs and organization, and because cultural beliefs are uncoordinated expectations, changes in the economic system are affected by its history; (2) the institutional structure shows path dependence because past behavior, cultural beliefs, social structure and organization influence the development of values and social implementation mechanisms, thus suppressing the flexibility of departing from old patterns of behavior. The flexibility to deviate from old patterns of behavior is suppressed. Along the lines of Graves, domestic scholar Wesson (2003) systematically researched the cultural factors on which the planned economy and market economy systems depend and the influence of different cultural traditions on the structure of social institutions, pointing out that the cultural factor of collectivism practiced in the history of China determines the inward volatility of China's social system change (deep path dependence), whereas the cultural factor of individualism in the Western society determines the outward volatility of the change of Western social systems (deep path dependence). The cultural factor of individualism in Western society determines the path of externality (evolutionary evolution) of Western social system change, and different cultural traditions lead to different paths of change and thus different growth paths. The cultural factor of individualism in Western culture is a necessary (though not sufficient) condition for the modern market economy in Europe and America. The Hakka culture, which is based on agrarian culture, undoubtedly has a collectivist element, while the Hakka culture, which is based on the pursuit of a career, lacks a commercial flavor. Considering that economic activity is an activity between people, the expansion of the market is a natural result of the widening and deepening of the scope of people's trading activities, and the economic prosperity and social development of any country or region in modern and contemporary history is, in the final analysis, only an external manifestation of the expansion of the market. Because market economic activity is in the final analysis only a collection of people's commodity and labor exchange behavior, so the market participants of the commercial spirit and its motivation, the market order has become the expansion and economic development of a deepest or fundamental motivation.

From the analytical perspective of institutional economics, institutions are indeed important for economic growth and social development. However, institutions need an environment to function, and culture and its atmosphere are extremely important. As the historian Bredell puts it, it is only in a certain cultural environment that some of the basic institutions of a market economy can play their role in stimulating economic growth and social development. This also leads to the fact that the chain of action and performance of institutions of the same nature varies, sometimes dramatically, in different cultural traditions and socio-spiritual heritages. The absence of commerciality in Hakka culture weakens the incentives of the market economy. On the other hand according to Graves (1993) North's thinking the collectivism and emphasis of Hakka culture makes Hakka organizations heavily hierarchical, which undoubtedly reduces the efficiency of the organization. According to North, the core of economic growth is efficient organization.

In summary, we find that the collectivism and cultivation of the Hakka culture prevented the expansion of the market and the formation of efficient organizations, and ultimately led to inefficient economic performance.

References:

[1] Luo Xianglin; An Introduction to Hakka Studies.

[2]Wesson; Rethinking the Recent Formation Path of Market Economies in the East and West from Cultural Traditions. In World Economy 2002 (10).

[3]He Dongxia? He Yiming, "Culture and institutions: a review of the literature" Academic Research, 2006 (10).

[4] Noss, "Structure and Change in Economic History 6", Chinese edition, 49-65 pages, Shanghai, Shanghai Sanlian Bookstore, Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1994.

[5] Graves, "The Great Rift", CITIC Publishing House, 2001.

[6] Weisen, "The Creative Transformation from the Traditional Qilu Agrarian Culture to the Modern Spirit of Commerce", Dongyue Lunsong, 2004 (6). Dongyue Lunshang 2004 (6).

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