What are the main characteristics of criminology in different historical development stages?

The main characteristics of criminology in different historical development stages can be described from ancient times, early modern times, middle modern times, modern times and contemporary times.

1. Contemporary period: In ancient times, crime was regarded as an affront to gods and a violation of moral principles, with heavy punishment as the mainstay, emphasizing the restoration of moral and good order. The ancient Greek school believed that crime was the result of moral degeneration and emphasized the inevitability of crime.

2. Early modern times: During the Enlightenment, crime began to be regarded as the result of the failure of moral pursuit. Scholars related to social inequality and injustice believe that punishment should be a means to maintain social order, not a form of revenge. ?

3. Middle generation: In the era of industrialization, criminology began to apply scientific methods to explore crime. Baker, the representative of the classical school of crime, believes that crime is the result of individual rational choice, and its main purpose should be to prevent crime, emphasizing the penalty theory of severe punishment and great evil.

4. Modernization: At the beginning of the 20th century, the orthodox school that criticized the classical school emerged, emphasizing the influence of social factors and personal psychology on crime. Functionalism, evolution, positivism, appeal and other schools have also appeared one after another, and promoted the development of criminology.

5. Contemporary: With the development of science and technology and globalization, crime has become transnational, informative and intelligent, and criminology has gradually shifted from traditional research fields to analog prediction, risk assessment and big data analysis, strengthening and innovating means and methods.

The main historical stages of the development of modern criminology

According to the differences in the depth and breadth of criminology research in different historical periods, and considering the characteristics of criminology theory in different periods, the history of criminology development for more than 100 years can be divided into three periods, namely18th century classical criminology school,19th century empirical criminology school and criminology since the middle of 20th century. There are different schools of criminology in each development stage.