What is the ideological source of Freud's psychoanalysis theory

Turner Publishing Company of the United States recently published All Records of the 20th Century, and translated 1900 Siegmundt Freud's Interpretation of Dreams.

The publication of Yi was in the early 20th century. This is by no means a novelty, but the advent of psychoanalytic theory is regarded as an epoch-making.

Symbol, since then, human exploration of itself has entered a new stage, so some western scholars call the 20th century "psychoanalysis".

Century ". Interpretation of Dreams has been published 100 years. People have different opinions on psychoanalysis, and only a few works have studied Freud.

Thousands of books, especially many great thinkers, have commented on Freud, which makes people often look at Freud through the glasses of masters.

Lloyd thus produced some "false identities". As the contemporary Italian philosopher Umbello Eco said.

It is said that Kelpolo regarded rhinoceroses as unicorns in Java. The reason for this misunderstanding is that "he is his background book".

The victim. "(1) After the baptism of 100 years, Freud's ideological value has not weakened but strengthened. Therefore, we must get rid of

In view of people's wrong understanding of Freud, this paper emphasizes personal special understanding of Freud's original works and compares this understanding with contemporary academic circles.

It is necessary to combine the research results of …. First of all, Freud was not only a psychiatrist, but more importantly, he made

He left a valuable spiritual wealth for a thinker in the humanities in history.

Humanities is neither a natural science nor a social science. It is the sum total of many disciplines about human value, humanistic pursuit and its performance.

Knot a knot. Kuhn believes that dream interpretation has caused a scientific revolution, which is a great achievement of human spirit. Freudian

Man also regards the interpretation of dreams as a sign different from other sciences, because it contains "the most valuable part of all his discoveries".

Since then, "psychoanalysis has gone beyond the scope of pure medicine", and psychoanalysis is no longer a theme of pure medicine. Freud's autobiography

I didn't have any special preference for the profession of doctor at that time or later. To be exact, I am

Driven by a curiosity, and this curiosity is more about human beings than other natural things. "(2).

It is believed that he was "forced to deviate from his original goal and become a doctor". His preference for philosophy and literature prompted Freud to study hard.

In the process of mental illness, we try our best to explore the development motive force of human inner world. Freud studied and translated English 1880 as early as in college.

The philosopher John Mill's five philosophical works touched Plato's philosophy at the same time and gained the essence of Schopenhauer's philosophy. If not,

In order to survive, he may take the path of a philosopher. Concern for human beings is the main stimulating point of his interest in life. He calls himself Darwin.

And Goethe's works made him decide to study medicine, which may better explore the inner drive of human mind. Freud's literary knowledge

It's amazing, especially his familiarity with Shakespeare's works is unbelievable. In the process of the emergence and maturity of psychoanalysis,

Freud's literary knowledge played a vital role. He admires the artist's ability to grasp the truth by intuition.

Leite and King Oedipus helped him sum up Oedipus complex and guided him to analyze himself. Freud's 70th birthday.

Sighed: "It's not me who found the unconscious, it's the poet." Joseph Needham, a British historian of science, introduced the Sri Lankan scholar Ma to us.

Ding Wei Kramasinko's discovery: The author of the Bunsen Story of the Buddha in the 4th century BC is as good at psychoanalysis as the Russian writers in the 19th century.

Before it appeared, "people's subconscious activities were explored very touching" .4 There is no doubt that mature physical science has developed.

The biological science had a great influence on Freud, who tried to "establish a natural science" in 1895 "Planning of Scientific Psychology".

Scientific psychology describes the psychological process as a determinable quantitative state of matter particles, which can be dealt with through mathematical and neurological experiments.

However, this goal has never been achieved. Long-term clinical observation experience made him overturn the concept that self-consciousness is the center of consciousness.

Just like the earth revolves around the sun, the ego revolves around the unconscious hidden behind it, and the essence of the spirit is the unconscious. Floyd Si Tong

Through the exploration of the forgotten existence-unconsciousness, a Copernican revolution was realized. Before the First World War, the West

All academic works emphasize the important position and function of unconscious psychological activities. Obviously, Freud has cut to the chase.

Pulse. Michel foucault read a paper entitled Nietzsche, Freud and Marx in 1964.

Marx called them masters of doubt. Their significance to contemporary western critical thoughts lies in their fundamental "decentralization".

Function is the third revolution in the history of human thought after Copernicus and Darwin. The dominant geocentric theory, anthropocentrism,

The center of consciousness was destroyed. In "Discourse and Things" published by 1966, Foucault holds that psychoanalysis is related to cultural anthropology and structural language.

Linguistics faces unconsciousness, and all three theories "draw things that endanger the possibility of people being recognized". In this sense,

These three theories are the responses to rational science since the Enlightenment-"anti-science". Thus, Freud's thought has the following characteristics.

Modern significance.

Freud thought that the explanation of psychoanalysis was similar to laboratory scientific experiments, and he was more interested in observation than experimental research.

Interest, he declared that "the reliable observation materials on which psychoanalytic views depend are independent of experimental confirmation". For example, he said psychoanalysis

Become an observation discipline like cultural anthropology or archaeology. 1933, Freud said in a letter to Einstein, "You too.

Maybe we think our theory is like a myth ... but every science eventually becomes such a myth, isn't it?

This? Can't you say that in physics class today? "(5) in Freud's view, the study of social history does not refuse to leave.

Go ahead. Unfortunately, people generally accept the hypothesis of physics about the formation of the universe, but it is difficult to tolerate the hypothesis about human evolution.

When Freud founded psychoanalysis, he broke through the limitations of the original discipline and looked through people's dreams or patients' nonsense.

The inner world also understands the historical destiny of human beings from psychological changes. He insists that history is created by people, which is different from Italian thought.

Vico has the same idea. Vico argued in New Science that only people can understand the human world, because this world is people.

Creativity, since all forms of human life and thinking are created and experienced by people, then we can reproduce them in deep consciousness.

Human history. Many scholars complain that Freud is not a scientist with rigorous theory, but an artist with rich imagination. Indeed,

Freud paid more attention to humanistic art and human destiny than to medical psychology, which was just Freud's exploration of human beings.

It is only a means or a bridge to the origin of human development. He often uses medical and psychological materials and methods to prove and express his ideas.

Psychoanalysis is similar to philosophy and literature in many aspects, so many psychologists think psychoanalysis is unorthodox psychology. Paul

Ricol believes that psychoanalysis is "more like history than psychology". The main reason why Freud's theory is accused of lacking evidence is hypothesis.

If it is because "psychoanalysis is misunderstood as natural science" as Juergen Habermas said, people always regard it as a result.

Freud was confined to the scope of medical empirical science, but what Freud did was "flattening philosophy and science" proposed by Habermas.

Therefore, Habermas thought Freud was "a great writer". Psychoanalysis is the most important in this century.

Freud's theory blurs the boundaries of disciplines and is interdisciplinary in nature. He is mainly a thinker who taps the spiritual strength of human beings. Walt

Benjamin's style leveled the boundaries of traditional disciplines, and later Bourdieu's thought was influenced by the French encyclopedic tradition.

Homesick, there is no discipline boundary at all. Obviously, there are many people who study things by natural science.

Vico has long discovered that geometric methods are not applicable to the human world. The study of social phenomena involves the understanding and interpretation of meaning.

This is beyond the capacity of empirical natural science. The famous British scientist and writer C.P. Si Nuo wrote in his book Two Cultures.

The book calls for cooperation between humanistic intellectuals and scientific and technological intellectuals to avoid the losses caused by bipolar culture. Freud had both.

As an expert and thinker, his psychoanalytic theory is the embryonic form of the integration of humanities and natural sciences, which has been initially realized.

Freud himself did not realize that "two cultures" are complementary. Until the late 1970s, Jean Piaget.

Only in this way can we clearly understand that psychology can survive and prosper only in the atmosphere of inter-disciplinary cooperation, and the relationship between psychology and humanities.

"This is no longer a connection, but an intersection." 6. In contrast, Freud is better than a psychiatrist as a thinker in the humanities.

Contribute more to mankind. Some people think that Freud turned to the study of human historical destiny in his later period, Freud's social calendar.

The view of history is only the application of his psychological theory. In fact, from the day Freud founded psychoanalysis, he regarded the study of people as

His goal is only to apply his theory to all mankind with the help of bold acceleration after World War I, and he

With super originality and imagination, he criticized the existing social behavior norms and value system. In this sense, Freud is

The pioneer of academic "critical theory turn" in the 20th century is also a modern humanistic intellectual with the most sense of social responsibility. Secondly,

Freud drew his unique theory of cultural evolution from the early trauma theory.

During 1885, when Freud was studying with Jean-Martin Choate in Paris, he heard Shack say, "This disease.

(refers to mental disorder-author's note) The root cause is always the problem of sex ",which greatly inspires Freud, who thinks that Xie Sidi.

It is not caused by physical reasons, but by emotional or mental disorders. Cooperation with Bluel (Josef Breuer)

Sent a free association talk therapy, Freud traced back to the source, and put the impression of early life stage "in terms of personal growth or not"

Erasable traces, especially for any mental disorder that happened later, laid a psychological tendency. " Freud was particularly shocked.

These childhood experiences are always related to sexual excitement and resistance to this excitement, so I found that I was facing' youth'

The fact that children have sexual desire ",children are not what Victorian people call" naive children ". Freud "used to be"

More and more deeply traced back to the patient's life history until childhood began. "Early life experiences determine the nerves of adults.

Symptoms of neurological symptoms such as illness and anxiety are rooted in children's repressed sexual fantasies, and dreams are a disguised form of satisfaction and "stimulation" of repressed desires.

The dream wish and the dream-confirmed wish come from childhood. " The fate of Oedipus touched us because it was possible.

This is our own destiny. Oedipus killed his father and married his mother, only to satisfy our childhood wishes. This wish has not been satisfied for a long time.

Depression forms Oedipus complex, which is the cause of mental illness and the key to understanding the evolution of religion and morality. Floy

By studying the origin of dreams, Fred traced back the great influence of the remnants of early human culture on modern people.

The author thinks that the following passage is the most valuable and wonderful conclusion in Freud's theory of cultural evolution, but unfortunately it was studied by Freud.

Ignore. Dreaming is basically a retrogressive activity of the dreamer's earliest scene and a reappearance of his childhood, but this is the advantage of living in time.

Reproduction of impulse and popular expression. From behind the personal childhood, we hope to gain insight into the childhood of systematic development.

Insight into human evolution, and individual development is only a simplified version of human evolution under the influence of accidental living environment. Here, we began to think

Cai's words are right. He said that in dreams, there is a primitive part of human nature that we can no longer directly touch, so we can look forward to it.

I hope to gain knowledge about ancient human heritage and human innate spiritual things from the analysis of dreams. Dream and neurosis insurance

Keeping spiritual antiquities beyond our expectations. Therefore, in those sciences that try to reconstruct the oldest and darkest stage of human creation,

Psychoanalysis occupies a high position. ⑦ For Freud's above discussion, the author has the following understanding: First, about culture.

Regarding the similarity between evolution and individual psychological development, Chinese psychologist Mr. Zhao Biru thinks: Freud made psychological things biological,

The naturalization of human things and the psychology of social things, the law of social development can not be attributed to the law of psychiatry, so

Freud's view that cultural evolution is similar to individual psychological development is untenable. ⑧ Freudian cultural evolution

This is the key to criticize the theory. The development of cultural anthropology, social psychology and social biology in recent decades shows that,

There are also biological and psychological factors at work in social affairs, and biological and psychological factors have great influence on society. Aiouweier

Hudson and others put forward the theory of social biology in combination with modern science. He believes that people are shaped by the interaction of culture and genes, and people are like this.

Genes affect social behavior. Now we know that because modern children and primitive people live in different environments, biologists

Oppose the view that individual development is the repetition of racial occurrence. However, the process of social and cultural evolution and individual psychological evolution

There is no completely separated gap between them, but there is an inherent and inevitable connection between them. Vico often compares a person's life from childhood to old age.

The metaphor of a country from its initial construction to its final disintegration. Engels pointed out that all stages of personal consciousness "can be regarded as the existence of human consciousness"

The epitome of each stage in history. " The stage of children's psychological development is consistent with the development of human consciousness, which has been

As Piaget's genetic epistemology confirmed. Piaget believes that children's thinking, like primitive thinking, is self-centered and there is no distinction between subject and object.

The psychological development characteristics such as state and animism also have similarities in thinking concreteness and painting methods. Australian philosopher, art theory

Commentator Desidriss Auburn! Siderlus Orban) discovered primitive art and children's art as well as exercise tools for mental patients.

There are similarities. Habermas's Communication and Social Evolution discusses the relationship between ontogeny and human evolution and its evolution.

According to the aspects, a useful attempt was made. Freud's civilization and its dissatisfaction are similar to the evolution of civilization and the development of individuals.

It is inferred that "all mankind will become neurotic patients under the pressure of civilization tendency" because of the diagnosis of collective neurosis.

Faced with difficulties, he predicted: "One day someone will boldly apply this research to the pathology of civilized society".

The absurdity of the Sith Massacre and the ten-year turmoil shows the serious situation of human collective neurosis. Erich Fromm and

Foucault initiated the research on the pathology of civilized society, and many psychiatrists became profound thinkers. Second, about psychological inheritance.

On the issue of sex, Freud believed that dreams were amazingly reproducible and could bring back distant or even forgotten early life experiences.

Inspired by Bleuel's treatment method, he traced the traces of pathological concepts back to the original components of patients' spiritual life.

The root of the disease. Freud realized that mental patients were "repeating a road that the whole human race took in the early civilization."

Up to now, our idioms, proverbs, superstitions and habits have proved the existence of this road covered with gauze. "The image of a dream.

Symbol "has a genetic nature, and things that are symbolically linked today have been conceptually or linguistically linked since ancient times."

Freud's psychogenetic hypothesis cannot be completely denied. After visiting many countries and regions on the spot, Jung was surprised to find that,

In different nations and cultures that are isolated from each other and have no communication, they have similar myths and legends or totem worship objects, and they are juvenile idiots.

The fantasy of fools is strikingly consistent with the myth of primitive people, which fully confirms Freud's view of psychological inheritance. Floy

Freud studied personal memory in his early works, while in his later works, he discussed collective memory extensively and regarded it as a kind of social psychology and religion.

An important source of teaching psychology. Chomsky sees from the universality of syntactic structure that people are born with a language called "universal grammar"

The initial state of learning. " The newly developed behavioral genetics further analyzes and confirms the existence of psychological inheritance, such as

American psychologists have observed through experiments that children under one year old in China can compete with children of the same age of other nationalities in noisy crowds.

Enough to stay calm and want to play alone. In addition, the psychological and emotional state of husband and wife during pregnancy also has a great influence on the child's personality. Herbert

Reid initially doubted the extreme theory of psychoanalysis about the inheritance of unconscious psychology, but in order to write "through art"

Education "and inspected many children's paintings, found a lot of evidence, and further supported this theory. Late Freud

In the theory of personality structure, it is proposed that the superego is formed by the id through heredity, which is the hidden voice of parents and an ancient moral classic.

The voice of inspection. Few people agree that Freud advocated psychological inheritance to moral inheritance.

Thirdly, Freud also put forward the view that dreams will go backwards. In his view, the most important psychological feature of the dream process is retrogression or degeneration.

The hallucinations of mental patients and normal people are also equivalent to retrospection. In this case, the ideological structure of dreams is reduced to the original material, that is,

"the idea of transforming into an image", "reconstructing its conceptual content with visual images", "this deformed thought and the memory stored in the subconscious".

Memories are closely linked. Dreams are not only a sharp weapon to understand the unconscious, but also a shortcut to understand the primitive life. In addition, "retrogression" is to

The return of early life experience, the "early" here includes both individual early childhood and early human history.

Because Freud regarded dreams as the same thing as myths and fairy tales in essence, if he understood the language of dreams, he would understand another language-dimension.

Coe called "the spiritual language of all ethnic groups is the same". Fromm believes that "Freud only hopes to find out from myths, such as dreams."

Irrational, anti-social instinct, inadvertently discovered the ancient wisdom expressed by symbolic language, that is, symbols. "Attending this is distorted.

Lloyd's intentions. Because, at the same time, the analysis of dreams and neuropathy is the "spiritual archaism" of human beings-the original part of human nature.

Exploration, dreams are samples of preserving primitive spiritual antiquities, and individual development is a simplified version of human evolution. So psychoanalysis is also about people.

Quasi-evolution. Psychoanalysis excavates a long-abandoned method to preserve the operation of primitive mental institutions from the analysis of dreams-

It is the fundamental content of psychoanalysis to return to ancient times briefly and gain knowledge about ancient human heritage.

It is also the core content of Freud's cultural evolution theory. Here, like Nietzsche, Freud embarked on a reverse journey from the present to the past.

Road, they also become the turning point of modernity to post-modernity. The research of system theory shows that historical relics are "infinite"

Information, and spiritual antiquities also have "infinite" information? Countless great inventions and creations in history came from dreams.

Mendeleev's periodic table of elements, Bohr's atomic model and so on. Plato once said that learning is memory, and philosophers are constantly practicing.

Learn to die; Laozi taught people to "return to the baby"; Vico said that to explore human nature, "we must strive to make ourselves in many ways."

Aspects are endowed with similar properties to primitive people, so we must "return to the state of extreme ignorance of all people and God's knowledge";

Baudelaire said that genius is to return to childlike innocence; Montessori put forward that "children are the father of adults"; Heidegger's "return to truth" is a passport.

Reach the highest level by understanding death. Their statement is exactly the same as Freud's view that spiritual antiquities are obtained through retrogression. value

It must be pointed out that Freud's original intention is not to completely return to ancient times, nor to emerge ancient historical knowledge in the return.

He emphasized the search for primitive thinking ability and ancient wisdom and emotion in myths and dreams. Freud had many times in his life.

He mentioned that he was very close to the cultural and religious system of the ancient Jewish system. He read the mysterious teachings of Hebrew and told the human spirit.

The invincible and indestructible elements in the soul and the magic in the unconscious. Freud wrote an Introduction to Psychoanalysis in his later works.

In the new edition, dream is compared with mysterious knowledge, trying to explain telepathy without further developing his original dream.

Thought. On the contrary, ernst kris clearly pointed out that artists can return the mind to its original state.

Will not get out of control. Now individual artists rely on hallucinogens to get hallucinations and creative inspiration, which goes to extremes. sequence

Fourthly, Freud's "visual image" concept of early thinking captures the basic characteristics of primitive thinking and children's thinking, his visual image.

Thinking is essentially what people later called visual thinking. Rudolf arnheim pointed out: "Children's thinking is based on some basic foundations.

These simplified forms in structure and their relations are traces of visual thinking in artistic images. ⑾ such as

Now people have realized that the image memory of children and primitive people is particularly developed, but we can't generally say that children's thinking and primitive people's thinking are both forms.

Like thinking. British art historian E. H. Gombrich pointed out in Art and Illusion: "Primitive art and children's art make

They use symbolic language instead of "natural symbols". "They don't observe trees, but are satisfied with the' conceptual schema' of trees, and this

Conceptual schema does not conform to any reality. "This dependence on construction rather than imitation is due to the special hearts of children and primitive people.

Mental state. "⑿ Both original paintings and children's paintings contain different degrees of abstraction and generalization. Piaget's Children's Painting

The research also shows that children's painting is not based on imitation, but on the assimilation of external materials and main structure. Freudian pass

The "visual image" transformed from the retrogression of dreams and the most basic "form" of arnheim and the "schema" of Gombrich and Piaget refer to.

They are all the same thing-primitive thinking, and primitive thinking and rational thinking are not separated and independent. Levi Brewer changed his position in his later years.

It is acknowledged that the pre-logical thinking of primitive people and the logical thinking of modern people exist, not unrelated. Levi Strauss special

He appreciates an Indian proverb "Myth is a story in which man and beast don't share time", and he thinks that the value of myth lies in their savage thinking.

There is no gap between primitive thinking and modern thinking, and primitive thinking forms have always existed and are active among us.

Children often use these ways of thinking. Strauss advocates the meeting of myth and science, that is, the intersection of two ways of thinking, and the urgent task is to make

Legalize the principle of wild thinking and restore its power. The author believes that only by recognizing the intersection of two kinds of thinking can we be more profound.

Recognizing the relative independence and special value of primitive thinking, it is more convenient to study primitive thinking through painting than through language.

Jay, this is ignored by many scholars.

Secondly, analyze and evaluate modern civilization from three angles: painting, city and human body.

The research of Mona Brooks, an American children's art educator, shows that children's painting and adult painting are different in many aspects and extremely huge.

Most children are good at children's painting. Children/kloc-came to learn painting after 0/0 years old, and felt that they could not draw, and many parents who could not draw accompanied them.

In the process of learning to draw, I was surprised to find that I can also draw. Auburn also asked: Why does formal education enter children's lives?

And then they stopped painting? He hit the nail on the head and pointed out that the modern education system without personality stifled children's nature like a "corset"

Impulse, spontaneous creative instinct. There are some old people in our country who can't draw at first, but after retirement they become experts in painting and calligraphy. This confirms.

Russell's words: Old people are mystics. Obviously, it is human nature to think through the most basic' shape', and so is the child.

/kloc-it is difficult to learn painting after 0/0, which is resisted by scientific rational thinking represented by perspective. Furthermore, these are two kinds of paintings.

The way of painting is the opposition and conflict between the two ways of thinking. When you get old, you find that you still have a talent for painting, which shows the original image of people.

The potential of thinking has not yet been discovered. According to E H Gombrich,/kloc-the perspective observed by western painters in the 0/5th century-/kloc-the 0/9th century.

It is a "big exception" in the world art history, which is completely abnormal in art and deviates from the normal artistic law.

From this, the author thinks that modern western civilization, especially modern scientific thinking mode, is also an "exception" and "abnormality" in world history.

And then what? Isn't this modern tradition opposed by many thinkers in this century?