Home Breeding Herbal Insects, Animals

Name:

Earthworm

Alias:

Ground turtle, ground turtle, dustpan bug, earth turtle, earth kingfish, ground doughfish, etc.

Overview:

Earthworm is a traditional Chinese medicine commonly used in China, which is an important medicine for activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis, with a long history of application.

This product is the dried female body of Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker or Stleophaga plancyi (Boleny) of the Blattidae family. The Chinese People's Pharmacopoeia (1990 edition) contains it. The former is known as "Su Tuyuan" or "Su Dibei", and the latter is known as "Han Tuyuan" or "Ji Dibei".

The earthworm was first published in the Eastern Han Dynasty in the Divine Husbandman's Classic of the Materia Medica (神农本草经), where it was categorized as an intermediate product. It has the following description: "Taste salty and cold, main heart and abdominal cold and heat washing, blood accumulation in the masses, broken solid, under the blood closed ......, a ground turtle, raw Chuanze". The distribution, ecological environment, habits, traits, functions, and capture and processing methods of the earthworm have been comprehensively described in the herbs of the following generations. Liang Tao Hongjing said: "The shape is as flat as a turtle, so it is called earth turtle. Have armor can not fly, small odor. Born east of the river and sand in the river, home walls under the soil in the wet place. October picking, storm dry". Song - Kou Zong said: "Today's people called the bumps and beads insect, for its like shape. Milk pulse does not work, research one, water half, filter, serve. All refer to this product. Song - Su Song on its efficacy, said: "Zhang Zhongjing treatment of miscellaneous diseases, the main long obstruction of the masses, there is a large worm pill, there is a large turtle shell, pills and women's medicine and use it, because it has the ability to break the firm accumulation of blood also. Ming - "Compendium of Materia Medica" said: "It can be used to treat postpartum blood accumulation, bruising and stasis of blood, treating mouth sores with heavy tongue and wooden tongue, and children's abdominal pain and night cries". Ming - "Materia Medica Jing Shu" contains: "the treatment of bruises and injuries, renewing the tendons and bones have a miraculous effect. Is the foot syncopal meridian medicine also".

Origin and distribution:

The ground turtle and Jiji ground turtle are distributed throughout China. They are found in all parts of China.

The ground turtle is mainly produced in Jiangsu Wuxi, Wuxian, Haimen, Xinghua, Nantong, Lishui, Binhai, Xuyi, Zhangjiagang, Hai'an, Jurong and Qidong; in Zhejiang Ningbo, Sanmen, Jiaxing, Yuhang, Shaoxing, Anji, Tonglu and Haining; in Hunan Ningxiang, Cili, Shuangfeng, Shimen, Linli, Lixian, and Shaodong; in Sichuan Muchuan, Jiejiang, Langzhong, Pingchang, Jingyan, Jianyang, Longquanyi, Xinjin and Mianzhu, Cangxi, Renshou, Wanxian; Shanghai Chongming, Fengxian.

The Jiji soft-shelled turtle is mainly found in Dingzhou, Wei County, Xingtai, Dafang, Lincheng, Qiu County, Yixian, Qinghe, Neiqiu, Linci, Shahe, Handan, Yongnian, Pingxiang, Yuanshi, Gaoyi, Feixiang, Qinglong, Wuan, Tangxian, Fuping, Qiuzhou, Jinxian, Baxiang, Funing, Luanxian, Quyang, Pingshan, Ningjin, Nanhe, Daiming, Boye, Huanghua, Lingshou, and Linzhang in Hebei; in Yuanyang, Yentin, Ji Xian, Xingyang, Mi Xian, and Linxian in Henan; and in the following areas: Yuanyang, Yanjin, Kapi County, Xingyang, Mi Xian, and Linzhang in Henan. Xingyang, Mixian, Zhengzhou, Xinzheng, Dengfeng; Shandong Longkou, Pingyin, Penglai, Sishui, Yishui, Boshan, Pingdu, Linzi, Xazu; Beijing Yanqing, Changping, Chaoyang, Shunyi, Fangshan; Liaoning Xinjin, Beijin, Liaoyang, Jinsi, Yixian.

Local idioms: Oriental cockroach, commodity habit called Jinbian earth turtle, distributed in Fujian, Hainan, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou. Mainly produced in Fujian Hui'an, Nan'an, Xianyou, Putian, Jianyang, Zhangpu, Nuan'an, Dongshan, Longhai, Changtai, Putcheng; Guangdong Raoping, Nan'ao, Huidong, Yangjiang, Haifeng, Chaoyang, Xingning, Lianjiang, Xinyi, Huilai. It is predominantly wild, but is now being bred in captivity.

Morphological Characteristics:

1. Adult male and female soft-shelled turtles are heteromorphic, with the males winged and the females wingless. The female is about 3 centimeters long, with a flattened ovoid body, brownish-black and shiny. The body is flattened and ovoid, brownish-black and glossy. It is divided into four parts: head, thorax, abdomen and anal plate. The head is small and triangular, curved towards the ventral surface, brownish black, with chewing mouthparts and hard jaws. There is 1 pair of well-developed kidney-shaped compound eyes; 2 single eyes. Antenn? filiform, long and articulate. The dorsal plate of the prothorax is enlarged, segment 1 is shield-shaped over the head, and segments 2 and 3 are trapezoidal. Male prothorax corrugated, notched, with 2 pairs of wings, forewings leathery, hind wings membranous, folded into a fan when not in use. Thorax with 3 pairs of legs, equal in development, finely hairy, tibial segments bearing 5-20 sharp spines, base enlarged, covering the ventral surface of the thorax and basal portion of the abdomen, tarsal segments 5, with 2 claws. Abdominal segment 1 very short, its ventral plate undeveloped, dorsal plates of 8th and 9th abdominal segments shortened, caudal whiskers 1 pair. Male abdominal plate 9 with 1 pair of ventral spines; female abdominal plates 8, 9 retracted below abdominal plate 7. Ventral end of supra-anal plate transversely rectangular, its posterior margin flat and at a significant angle to lateral margin, posterior margin centrally concavely angled. Genitalia not prominent.

2. The adult Jiji ground turtle is similar in morphology to the ground turtle, and is also heteromorphic. However, the body is slightly larger, about 3-3.6 centimeters long, and long oval. The dorsal surface is light brown or blackish brown, slightly glossy. There is a circle of brownish-yellow (or light yellowish-brown, or light reddish-brown) markings on the anterior and lateral edges of the prothorax, on both sides of the mesothorax and the posterior dorsal plate, and on the outer edges of both sides of the abdominal segments; and in the middle of the markings on both sides of the thoracic and abdominal segments, there are each a small black dot. Body surface densely covered with small granules. The anterior margin of the prothorax is bowed, and there is a slightly elevated dorsal rib from the prothoracic and ventral dorsal plates to the caudal end, with the last transverse abdominal segment elevated most conspicuously. The posterior margin of the supra-anal plate is slightly protruding, with a concave center, which is bifid. The rest is the same as that of the ground turtle.

Appliances: Oriental cockroach, Opisthoplata orientalis (Burmisler), (also known as the golden-bordered ground turtle). The adult male and female cockroaches are homomorphic, and their wings are reduced. The body is oblong-ovate and flat, large, and larger in size in females than in males. The dorsal surface of the body is blackish brown or reddish brown, glossy, with dark red sides. The dorsal plate of the prothorax is broad, about 1.9 times as wide as long, with the anterior and lateral edges forming a broad arc, along which is a broad golden-yellow rim, hence the name "golden-rimmed earthworm". It has typical walking feet, 3 pairs. Seven segments are visible on the dorsal surface of the abdomen, with the posterior corners of the segments protruding backward into short spines, and the eighth segment retracting under the seventh segment. One pair of caudal whiskers attached on both sides of the supra-anal plate, stout and short.

Ecology:

The earthworm prefers to live in organic matter-rich, dark and moist places. Indoors, they are commonly found at the foot of kitchen stoves, along the walls of workshops and under the debris of woodpiles. In the wild, they often live in loose or sandy soil under dead leaves and stones.

Biological Characteristics:

The earthworm is an incomplete metamorphosis insect, and it takes 2-3 years to complete a generation through three stages: egg, worm and adult. It has the characteristics of humidity, temperature, heat, frost, light, day and night, pseudo-death, hibernation, and self-cannibalism, etc. It is omnivorous. For omnivorous insects, feeding is characterized by a preference for fresh, avoiding stale, hunger.

The optimal temperature for growth and development is 20-30 ℃, more than 40 ℃ began to die, below 10 ℃, stop activity, enter dormancy. The optimal temperature for the development of eggs is 28-30 ℃, relative temperature 70-75%. The optimum humidity of the soil is 20% for 1-4 instars of worms, 12% for 5-7 instars, and 13% for both 8 instars and above and egg-laying period. Male adults have a shorter life span than females, and females mate once and lay eggs throughout their lives. Lifetime can produce more than 30 eggs, eggs into pieces output. Spawning, not immediately the egg sheath out of the body, there is a clear "drag egg period", generally 2-3 days, the longest 6 days, the shortest 15-16 hours. On average, each egg sheath hatched out 8-10 worms.

Growth habit:

With a preference for humidity, temperature, fear of heat, frost resistance, fear of light, day and night ambush, pseudo-death, hibernation and self-cannibalism and other characteristics. For omnivorous insects, feeding characteristics of the preference for fresh, avoiding stale, resistant to hunger.

Growth cycle:

Artificial rearing 1 year into a commercial product.

Capture and processing:

1. Capture The capture of wild resources: In the warm season (generally May-September in the south, May-August in the north), at night, choose the place where soft-shelled turtle bugs often live or under the pile of chaff in the barn or kitchen to catch them; they can also be caught by using grass mats or sacks to spread in the hiding place of soft-shelled turtles and then moving away from the natural shelter, and then lifting up the grass mats and catching them when they are transferred. Some places use fried bran sprinkled on the ground, or light trapping; can also be buried in the tank where the turtle is often active, the mouth of the tank and the ground level, the mouth on the straw and other shelter, attracting the turtle into the tank in the next morning to catch and collect; in the activities of the turtle in the turf mud blocks stacked into a tower, inside the grass and their favorite things to eat, timed to turn the catch.

Feeding and harvesting: Generally in October-November, the females are harvested after 2 years of spawning; if they are heated up in winter, they can be fed for 14-15 months. Female insects in the second year of egg production is lower than the first year, the natural mortality rate is high, the commercial dry rate is about 30% lower. Therefore, the harvest should be combined with the sub-block, the first capture more than the egg-laying period or has reached the degree of medicine, and the weak can not overwintering; rearing the population density is too large, to stay enough for the reproduction of the female, the rest of the large number of harvest; non-strong to do the breeding of the male insects in the molt after the 7th skin, such as has not been born after the wing, can also be picked out, processed into commodities.

2, processing There are two methods of sun-drying, drying. Sun-drying method is to capture the wild or harvested insects, with boiling water, washing, exposure to dry. Drying method is to wash the body of the insects in the oven drying or in the pot with the fire frying (temperature control at about 50 ℃), to be the tip of the body of the insects slightly sticky spatula, the body of the insects in the wire mesh, set up in the stove, by the residual heat in the stove will be the body of the insects drying.

Storage and maintenance:

The earthworms are packed in corrugated cartons lined with moisture-proof paper, 100 kilograms per piece, and stored in a low-temperature, dry and ventilated place.

This product is easy to worm, moldy when damp. There are more than 10 kinds of pests, such as white-bellied codling moth, flower-spotted codling moth, black cockroach mite, tarsal cockroach mite, rough-footed powder mite, tooth cockroach mite, Za's fat mite, round-breasted mite and red cockroach mite, etc. The appearance of the moth-eaten products is not neat, and the body foot is damaged and broken, and the moth powder and worm feces are common.

Storage period, placed in the package camphor, peppercorns, celandine, white wine, etc., to fight against insect repellent, or sealed by piece, oxygen nitrogen (or carbon dioxide) maintenance. Found mild mildew, insect moths, timely drying, can also be placed at about 50 ℃ baking 0.5-1 hours, or -4 ℃ below the freezing for about 10 hours to deal with. Serious cases with aluminum phosphide, bromomethane fumigation.

Traits of herbs:

Ground turtle: the body of the insect is flattened ovoid, 1.3-3 centimeters long, 1.2-2.4 centimeters wide. It is narrower at the anterior end and wider at the posterior end. The back is purple-brown, glossy and wingless. Prothoracic dorsal plate well developed, covering the head; ventral dorsal plate 9-segmented, arranged in an imbricate pattern. Ventral surface reddish brown, head smaller, with 1 pair of filiform antennae, often deciduous. Thorax with 3 pairs of legs, with fine hairs and spines. Abdomen with transverse segments, crunchy and friable, with gray-black inclusions in the abdomen. The odor is fishy and the taste slightly salty.

冀地鳖：虫体呈椭圆形而扁平，长2.2-3.7厘米，宽1.4-2.5厘米。 The back is blackish brown, usually with light yellowish brown patches and black dots on the outer edge, and there is a slightly elevated ridge from the prothorax and ventral dorsal plate to the caudal end. The rest is the same as the ground turtle.

Specifications:

The earthworms are all unified goods, not divided into grades. The quality of the product is best if it is dry, intact, thick and light, oily and glossy, free of moth, mold and mildew, not scorched, and free of mud in the abdomen and deflated belly.

Effects:

The earthworm is salty in taste and cold in nature; it is slightly poisonous. It belongs to the liver meridian. It has the effect of breaking blood stasis and renewing tendons and bones. It is used in treating fractures of muscles and bones, blood stasis and menstrual closure, and obstruction in the abdomen and lumps.

Main components:

Alkaloids, amino acids, proteins, organic acids, phenols, sugars, steroids, oils, coumarins, terpene lactones, cardiac glycosides and calcium, potassium, iron and other 14 inorganic elements. Among them have been identified cardamom acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and other 6 kinds of fatty acids, glutamic acid, glycine, isoleucine and other 17 kinds of amino acids, 20 kinds of volatile oil, the main component of the oil is naphthalene. In addition to the separation of the effective monomer substances for β-sitosterol.

Main pharmacological effects:

The extract has inhibitory effect on the propagation of leukemia cells; the extract has the effect of dissolving thrombus, inhibiting the formation of hepatic hemorrhagic necrotic foci, activating the fibrinolytic system, and inhibiting the occurrence of D-galactosamine hepatic disorders, etc.; the total alkaloids can extend the time of the disappearance of the electrocardiogram of the mice, and increase the time of the survival of the mice from the depletion of oxygen to the survival of the oxygen depletion, and it also can The total alkaloids can prolong the disappearance time of cardiac electricity in mice, increase the survival time of mice from oxygen consumption to hypoxia, and can also counteract the change of ST-T induced by acute myocardial ischemia in rats; its aqueous solution is efficacious in dilating coronary A, increasing coronary A blood flow and improving hypoxia. Recent studies have shown that Tuberculosis has anti-tumor effects, and its performance is more appropriate for those with blood stasis.

Confused species:

The dried female and male whole insects of Cybister tripunctatus orientalis (Cybister tripunctatus orientalis Gschwendtner), an insect of the family of dragon lice, are mixed in the commercial product. Its morphology is characterized by yellow bands around the body wings; the head is nearly flat, slightly elevated in the center, with shallow depressions and small engraved dots on both sides, and the compound eyes are prominent; the dorsal plate of the prothorax is transverse and broad, with fine longitudinal grooves; there is one transverse wing on each side of the subabdominal segments 3-5; and the tibial segments of the hind feet are short and broad, and the tibial end is armed with spines on both sides.

Feeding techniques:

(1) Selection of farms and construction of ponds

The artificial culture of soft-shelled turtle bugs was once carried out in outdoor ponds, but now it has been changed to indoor boxes, pools, urns, and rooms in order to better control the temperature, humidity, and management of the breeding.

(B) rearing methods

1, the source of seed bugs generally have to capture the wild and feed seed selection of two methods.

Capturing wild seed bugs can improve seediness. The production of feeding seed selection, the standard of good seed bugs, female seed bugs: long, oval, large, full abdomen, brown light, strong activity, fast action, large food, high egg production rate, no parasites and diseases; if the seed bugs: robust growth, active, large body, color, bright, glossy; eggs: pod-shaped, reddish-brown with a glossy, full of egg grains.

2. Feeding Methods Feeding earthworms is usually done indoors. The amount and conditions of feeding are divided into small-scale, decentralized and large-scale feeding.

Small-scale rearing: Indoors, the length of 1 meter, 0.7 meters wide, 0.48 meters high wooden boxes, placed on the kangang, inside the full drying processed sandy soil 17-24 centimeters thick, to maintain appropriate humidity, put 1-1.5 kilograms of seed worms. Some places in the indoor digging urn-shaped hole in the ground, the hole wall is smooth, the mouth is small. Diameter of about 30 centimeters, hole depth of about 1 meter; such as humidity, pinch the soil into a ball, to dig shallower, build a wall to increase the height, the inner relaxation of soil about 50 centimeters. Buried in the soil with a bottomless urn with a large mouth, as a feeding pool is better.

Decentralized feeding: indoors with adobe box, put the right amount of sand and seed insects. In winter, the temperature inside the box should not be lower than -10℃; if there are conditions, the wooden box should be placed on the kangang for rearing, which is convenient and flexible, and conducive to the growth and development of soft-shelled turtles.

Large-scale rearing: Choose a suitable place, set up a special rearing room, take a floor kang indoors, build a number of concrete grooves on the kang, leaving appropriate gaps on the grooves, placing the same specifications of the wooden box in layers, three-dimensional rearing, can be used in all seasons. There are also indoor feeding pools about 1 meter deep, the soil is too wet can not dig deep, need to build walls to increase the height; soil is dry, deep digging is still not up to the required humidity, can be sprinkled with water to increase humidity. Pool walls should be solid, smooth, do activities on the top, and leave one to more than one ventilation holes. Feeding soil should be used in the vegetable garden or ridge containing humus more wet loose soil, avoid using the soil that has been applied ammonia, nitrogen fertilizer or pesticides. Remove grass roots and debris, exposure to sunlight for 2-3 days, or sterilized with boiling water and then dried, kneaded through a sieve, the size of the soil particles like rice or mung bean grains, the humidity to hand pinch into a ball, loosening the hand that is appropriate.

Whether it is a feeding box, trough or urn, it should be covered with plastic film to prevent the turtle bugs from crawling out or escaping, as well as the invasion of enemy pests.

(C) Feeding management

1, regulating temperature and humidity, preventing cold and increasing temperature: In winter, the northern part of the country adopts the ground floor heating; in the southern part of the country, some of them will transfer the pool into the tank, and then put it into a wooden box that is 6-10 cm larger than the diameter of the tank, and then between the tanks and the boxes, they will fill up 2/3 of the grain chaff, chaff, or grass ash, and then cover the sacks; in some cases, they will bind the feeding tanks with 2-3 layers of linen bales or straw, and the mouth of the tanks is covered with two layers of sacks; in others, the feeding tanks will be concentrated indoors. The feeding tank will be concentrated in the indoor pool, with straw to fill the gaps around the winter; or merger of concentrated insects, increase feeding density, improve cold resistance. If the temperature is lower than 0℃, use plastic film to seal the indoor tank and pool, and use 25-40 watt bulbs to add heat, or burn charcoal to increase the temperature. Cooling: Sprinkle water in the tank and pool to cool down the temperature, or cool down the temperature by adjusting the dryness and humidity of the feed. Moisture adjustment: too little humidity in the feeding soil will affect the growth and development of the insects, egg laying and hatching, so that they will eat each other and eat the egg sheaths; too much humidity will affect the respiration of the insects, and even the whole body will be covered with mud, the legs will be covered with mud, and the heavier ones will break off, and the egg sheaths will be smelly and parasitic mites will be born. Feeding soil is too dry, can spray water or feed high water content feed regulation. Generally spray water every 3-4 days in summer, after spraying, do not stir, to avoid wet soil sticky dirt insects, affecting feeding and activities. Combined with sub-blocking, feeding soil every 30 days or so sifted 1 time to remove impurities, play a role in regulating moisture.

2, regulate the thickness of feeding soil General feeding soil thickness, 1-4 age not more than 8 cm, more than 5 age of 10 cm or so, spawning for 4-17 cm. Summer can be thinner, winter thickened to 17 cm or so, and covered with straw or huller ash to keep warm through the winter. The soil needs to be changed 1-2 times a year.

3. Feeding: Master the principle of keeping the feed wet and dry, eating all the concentrate, having more green material, mixing the concentrate with the coarse, and taking the green as the main principle. Generally speaking, after the hibernation, the earthworm dormant recovery, the body nutrition consumption is more, the first feeding concentrate; juvenile worms eat a small amount of food, mainly to fine; 6 age after the worms into the period of overeating, mainly coarse, supplemented by concentrate; egg-laying period, plus feeding protein-containing concentrate. Feeding should be a good mix of fine and coarse, appropriate amount, to have a small amount of surplus each time is appropriate, before changing the new material, take out the surplus. In summer, feed watermelon rind, pumpkin flesh and other juicy fruits and vegetables, or use a dish to hold some water in the rearing pool for the soft-shelled turtles to drink; in winter, dry leaves should be heated up and soaked in water for 3-6 minutes, and then sprinkle them evenly on the rearing soil after the leaves have been moistened and softened, so that the surface of the soil will be covered by 70% of the soil surface. Generally every 2-3 days to feed 1 time roughage, 3-5 days to feed 1 time concentrate. Breeding and activity in full bloom, 1 day 1 time.

4. Group rearing Group rearing of soft-shelled turtle bugs, in general rearing conditions, the same period of hatching of worms to the adult stage, the degree of development of different individuals will be very different. In order to make the bugs develop normally and avoid unevenness, they can be reared to a certain stage. According to the age of the worms, they can be divided into: adult worms, high age worms and low age worms. According to the size of the body is divided into sesame type (1-2 months of worms, type small as sesame); soybean type (3-4 months of worms, type as soybean); broad bean type (5-6 months of worms, type like broad beans); thumb type (body size as thumb adult). According to the different age or size of the body to feed separately. Methods: Generally on the plastic film, according to the different block, cut some holes accordingly, and make a sieve. The size of the mixed earthworms gently through the sieve, blocking. It is not appropriate to use wire sieve, scorn sieve.

5. Regularly sieve the eggs. During the general spawning period, sieve the surface layer of the feeding soil about 3cm thick every 7 days; sieve all the feeding soil every 30 days and take out the egg sheaths. Egg sheaths are stored separately, often turned, favorable for hatching; or pinch together and spread the wet soil, the egg sheaths are preserved; can also be mixed with the lower age of wakame.

6, incubation is divided into natural incubation and artificial incubation. Artificial incubation is the egg sheath in the incubation box, buried in sand, to maintain the appropriate temperature and humidity, can be hatched out of the worms. General incubation box placed egg sheath 0.75 kg / m 2, sand buried thickness of about 3.3 cm. Natural incubation, summer should pay attention to ventilation and cooling, rearing pool on the appropriate soil to prevent sun or put with leafy branches shade, winter with soil or grass curtain cover, keep the room temperature is not less than 10 ℃, humidity should be moderate, to prevent the egg sheaths from stinking and deteriorating.

7, the population density and male-female ratio General rearing pool stocking more than 8 age of worms 2500 / m 2; 4-7 age of worms 15000 / m 2; 3 age of the following worms 80000 / m 2. At the same time, pay attention to the male-female reasonable ratio, large-scale breeding, according to the male worms 15%, female worms 85% of the ration stocking. Natural reproduction, male insects accounted for about 40%. The general development of male worms to 7-8 age, in addition to retaining enough healthy for seed, the rest of the processing into medicine.

8. Check the activity of the soft-shelled turtle bugs frequently. Once you find any abnormal phenomenon, you should find out the reason immediately and deal with it in time to avoid any loss. The soft-shelled turtle bugs are very sensitive to pesticides and are extremely vulnerable. Therefore, all kinds of pesticides can't be in contact with the environment where they are kept.

Pest control:

1. Disease Belly disease: The feeding soil and feed contain too much water, which leads to digestive and secretion disorders of soft-shelled turtle bugs and malfunction of shell and beetle metabolism. Symptoms are infinite expansion of the intersegmental membrane, abdominal swelling, abnormal luster, sharp head, loss of normal habits, gastrointestinal capacity greater than double that of normal worms, and long-term non-shedding of skin. Prevention and control methods: keep the water content of the rearing soil not more than 20% during the larval period, and adjust the humidity of the rearing soil at any time according to the growth needs in the mid-worm period and adult period.

Gastric wall ulceration disease: due to improper feeding, resulting in long-term stasis and indigestion. It mostly occurs in the adult stage. Symptoms are black spots in the lower part of the abdomen at the middle section, the stomach wall is adhering to the section membrane, and in severe cases, the section membrane is ulcerated, and foul liquid is discharged, which leads to death by extinction. Prevention and control methods: adjust the structure of concentrate and roughage in time, keep it fresh, and then mix it with appropriate amount of yeast tablets (10 tablets/catty), antimicrobials and compound vitamin B tablets (or liquid).

Gastrointestinal disease: symptoms are decreased appetite, slow activity, weakness, female adults die due to running water or difficult to produce. Prevention and control methods: timely cleaning, replacement of feeding soil, plus feeding slightly alkaline dry feed, such as tea dregs, etc., or with a small Suda 20 tablets, 50,000 units of oxytetracycline or tetracycline 5 tablets crushed and fried rice bran 0.5 kilograms of mixing, feeding in small batches. Avoid feeding lettuce leaves (lettuce leaves), pumpkin flowers, castor flowers and other green materials.

Green mold disease: when the pool of high temperature and high humidity or excessive density of insect population. Easy to occur infection. Symptoms are insects do not come out of the soil during the day, do not eat, slow action, late in the abdomen to show green mold, leg contraction, tentacle drooping, body soft, and soon die. Prevention and control methods: adjust the density of the insect population and temperature and humidity, regular replacement of feeding soil, eliminating the disease; or mixing and adding the appropriate amount of yeast flakes, hygromycin powder or streptomycin in the feed, to enhance the digestive function and improve the ability to resist the disease. At the onset of the disease, the use of feed mixed with penicillin powder 0.5 g / m 2 or tetracycline 0.25 g, can also be sprayed with 1-2% formalin liquid.

Nematode disease: after being parasitized by nematodes, the action is slow, the abdomen is bloated and white, and the mouth vomits ascites. Prevention and control methods: pay attention to feed hygiene, mix feed with 5% saline to reduce the condition.

2. Insect pests are susceptible to mite infestation, the symptom is that the body of the insect starts to roll inward at the beginning and gradually hardens and dies. The mites mainly parasitize in the chest, abdomen and the membrane of the leg basal joints of the earthworms; they are the most threatening to the juvenile worms. Prevention and control methods: Pay attention to the feeding amount at any time, prevent the residual amount from being mixed into the soil layer and organic matter pollution, and keep the feeding soil clean. When hatching, remove the necrotic egg sheaths in time; use chaff sieve to treat and replace the feeding soil, put fried noodles fish, bones and so on into the feeding pool to induce the mites, and take out the treatment every 2 hours; or use grass ropes to soak in rice slop water, and then put them into the feeding pool to trap the mites when they are dry; you can also burn the topsoil and the wall of the feeding pool with fire to kill the mites with heat; use 40% of the 2000 times of the liquid solution of Lekopec to spray the feeding pool, and you can also use 30% of the triclosulfone or 20% of the mite egg oil to kill them by mixing the feeding soil with the mite egg fat. It can also use 30% diclofenac sulfone or 20% mite ovalbumin to mix with the feeding soil to kill.

3. Natural enemies: ants can bite and kill the soft-shelled turtle bugs in groups, affecting the reproduction; followed by spiders, snakes, rats, geckos and poultry. Prevention and control methods: do a good job of protection, choose no ant burrows (holes) to feed, or build a pool, the pool base with chlordane powder or 50% chlordane emulsion for cleaning. If ants are found in the pool, clear the tank immediately and plug the holes. Coat the perimeter of the pool with 3-6 centimeters wide Ventolin or machine oil. Sprinkle a small amount of lime powder at the edge of the pool, or use chlordane powder mixed with wet soil to sprinkle around the pool. If there are still ants in the pool, 10% chlordane powder solution can be coated in a circle 20 centimeters high from the bottom of the pool to drive away the ants, or use pig bones and other entice ants to gather and eat, and then kill.

Development Prospect:

The earthworm is a common medicine for gynecological and injury diseases. It is not only used in clinical formulations, but also an important raw material for many proprietary Chinese medicines. According to the statistics, there are more than 30 kinds of Chinese patent medicines such as "Red pill" and "Bundle pill" which are produced with the insect as raw material. Especially in recent years, it has been found that Turbellaria sinensis has anti-tumor, inhibit leukemia, hepatic hemorrhage and liver disorders, etc. It is clinically used in the treatment of coronary heart disease, leukemia, hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver, pulmonary tuberculosis, hemorrhoids, etc., which has attracted great attention in the pharmaceutical industry and the scientific research department, and provided a new source of medicine for the screening of effective medicines.

In addition, the artificially bred soil turtle worm, and provide a feed source for raising scorpions.

The main problems in the production and marketing of soft-shelled turtle worms are: the living environment of soft-shelled turtle worms has been damaged due to the continuation of the rural sanitation campaign, and the wild resources have been reduced; the production of artificially reared worms is unstable due to the influence of price. Therefore, scientific research should be strengthened to improve the technology of artificial rearing and management; the production of fixed-point quantitative production should be carried out to protect the production base and the source of insects; and the production and supply should be developed in a sustainable and stable way.

Production from the 1950s to the 1980s:

In the early 1950s and 1960s, the turtle bugs were produced from wild resources, and in the mid-1960s, the wild to domesticated test was successful, and the domesticated turtle bugs gradually became the main source of commodities. After the founding of New China, the turtle shells were listed as three kinds of species, and the market regulated the production and marketing. 40 years ago, the production of turtle shells developed very fast, and the acquisition of the species once declined due to the decrease of wild resources, but the sales still increased year by year. It belongs to the varieties that can meet the market needs.

In the 50s and early 60s, with the continuous improvement of rural people's life, the environment was improved, which affected the normal life and reproduction of the earthworms, and the wild resources were reduced, and the acquisition declined, despite the fact that all levels of the medicinal material companies launched and organized mass capture, and the production was still insufficient for sale.

Between the mid-1960s and the late 1970s, the success of artificial rearing of soft-shelled turtle worms, rearing and management techniques and experience was pushed to the whole country, which soon set off a fever of artificial rearing, coupled with the increase in prices, so that the volume of purchases rose sharply. 80,000 kilograms of purchases in 1965, sales of more than 90,000 kilograms, both increased by 80% over the 1957 level, and the purchases of 320,000 kilograms in 1978, which was the highest level in history. level, an increase of two and a half times over 1965, resulting in a backlog of goods, inventory surge.

The late 70s to the early 80s, due to the commodity inventory is too much and adjust the purchase plan and purchase price, frustrated the enthusiasm of the masses of production, production appeared xiaojiao scene, the acquisition of a sharp decline. 1983 acquisition of more than 120,000 kilograms, than in 1978, a decline of 63%; sales are still steadily growing, the market supply has not been affected.

2005 Edition Pharmacopoeia Standard:

This product is the dried body of the female of Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker or Steleophaga plancyi (Boleny), an insect of the turtle cockroach family. After capture, put in boiling water to scald to death, sun-dried or dried.

Characteristics: The soft-shelled turtle is flattened ovate, 1.3-3cm long, 1.2-2.4cm wide, narrower at the front end, wider at the back end, purplish-brown dorsally, glossy and wingless. Prothoracic dorsal plate is more developed, covering the head; ventral dorsal plate 9 segments, arranged in imbricate shape. Ventral surface reddish brown, head smaller, with 1 pair of filiform antennae, often glued down, thorax with 3 pairs of feet, with fine hairs and spines. Abdomen with transverse segments. The texture is crunchy and fragile. Fishy odor, slightly salty taste.

The Jiji soft-shelled turtle is 2.2-3.7 cm long and 1.4-2.5 cm wide, with a blackish brown back, usually with pale yellowish-brown patches and black dots at the edge.

Identification: (1) The powder is grayish brown. Body wall fragments dark brown or yellow, the surface has an irregular texture, which is bearing short thick or slender bristles, often seen after the shedding of bristles rounded hair fossa, 5-32 μm in diameter, while the hairs brownish-yellow or yellow, the apex is acute or obtuse rounded, 12-270 μm in length, 10-32 μm in diameter, and some have a longitudinal and straight texture. Transverse muscle fibers are colorless or yellowish, often broken, with fine transverse lines, flat or microwave-like, the bright band is wider than the dark band.

(2) Take 1g of powder, add 25ml of methanol, ultrasonic treatment for 30 minutes, filtration, filtrate evaporation, residue add 5ml of methanol to dissolve, as a test solution. Take 1g of the control herb of Turbellaria, and dissolve it into the control herb solution in the same method. According to thin-layer chromatography (Appendix VI B), absorb 10μl of each of the above two solutions, respectively point on the same sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as binder silica gel G thin-layer plate, toluene - dichloromethane - acetone (5: 5: 0.5) as an unfolding agent, unfolding, take out, drying, and placed in the ultraviolet lamp (365nm) under the examination. In the chromatogram of the test article, in the corresponding position with the chromatogram of the control herb, the fluorescent spots of the same color; spray with vanillin sulfuric acid test solution, bake at 105 ℃ until the spots are clear, showing the same color spots.

Check: impurities shall not exceed 5% (Appendix IX A).

Moisture Determination method (Appendix IX H first method), not more than 10.0%.

Total ash Not more than 13.0% (Appendix IX K).

Acid insoluble ash shall not exceed 5.0% (Appendix IX K).

Leachate: according to the water-soluble leachate determination method under the hot leaching method (Appendix X A), not less than 22.0%.

Taste and attribution: salty, cold; slightly toxic. Attributed to the liver meridian.

Functions and Indications: Breaking blood stasis, renewing tendons and bones. It is used in treating fractures of tendons and bones, blood stasis and menstrual closure, and obstruction in the abdomen and lumps.

Usage and dosage: 3-9g.

Note: Contraindicated in pregnant women.

Storage: in a dry and ventilated place, moth-proof.

Storage: in a ventilated dry place, moth-proof.