Are the traditional Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism integrated?

The theoretical unity and harmony of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism is more conducive to avoiding religious wars than the exclusiveness of other religions in the world. The system and religious policies of the emperor and the imperial court also form external binding forces on different religious concepts and cultural beliefs. In addition, the diversified immortal worship tradition and rational thinking mode at all levels in China society since ancient times are conducive to the complementarity and survival of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism.

The theoretical basis of the Confucian concept of "three religions in one" lies in China. Confucianism and Taoism are slightly different in ideology, but they are less exclusive, inclusive and harmonious, and have a strong ability to absorb other ideas and cultures. "The Doctrine of the Mean" says: "Everything grows harmlessly, and Tao goes hand in hand." These two words reflect the inclusiveness of Confucianism. ?

Confucius taught oral meaning in Shu Bu Zuo, Shi, Shu, Li, Yue, Yi Zhuan and Zhuangzi. This is the way that Confucius adhered to the traditional classic system, consciously inherited the classic spirit of Xia, Shang and Wednesday, initiated the Confucianism of Six Classics in ancient China, paid tribute to Laozi, highly praised Guan Zhong's strategy of governing the country, and took Confucianism as the core of self-cultivation, family harmony and benevolence. Since then, whether in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, or in the later historical era, Confucianism has been working with hundred schools of thought (. In the late Warring States period, Xunzi, a Confucian scholar, absorbed the thoughts of Taoism, Legalism and famous scholars on the basis of inheriting Confucius' theory. Zhuangzi Tianxiapian organically absorbed Taoism and Yin-Yang theory, and created Confucian philosophical ontology and cosmology. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu, a great scholar, brought the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements into the system, but the family style of the Han Dynasty was actually "Wang Ba mixed use". Laozi and Zhuangzi, a Taoist priest in the Qin Dynasty, said in Rong Naigong [Song] Lin and Lv Chunqiu: "The valley is below, and things are above the valley, which means that capacity is great." The thought of "Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period" synthesized hundred schools of thought, and the thought of governing by doing nothing created another ideological system that had a great influence on China. Laozi's "Tao Theory" became the source of China's wisdom. Huai Nan Zi first put forward China's social ideological and cultural ideal of "being a saint inside and being a king outside" in, and gave different comments on various thoughts in the pre-Qin period, focusing on the short and the long, respecting the Tao, but not excluding other theories, which fully reflected the inclusiveness of the pioneers. The sage's Hongming Ji and Wudi Ji embody the spirit of giving priority to Taoism and integrating the pre-Qin philosophers, which has a great relationship with the Huang family in Qin and Han Dynasties. Metaphysics, based on Taoist thought, probes into the issues of "whether there is an origin" and "natural teaching", absorbs and systematizes the language of "accusation", and pushes China's philosophical thought to a new stage. ?

After Buddhism was introduced into China, it initially relied on Han Daoism and later on metaphysics. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the mutual criticism and questioning among Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism were very intense. However, there are many Buddhist scholars in China who agree with Buddhism, while Liang Wudi wants to enter Buddhism, but ignores Dr. Wu Jingzi and says, "I want to govern the program, and every Confucian is thinking." (Yi) It can be seen that Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism are not incompatible. Taoism rose in the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and the dispute between Buddhism and Taoism began. Liu Shi took Gu Huan as the book of Southern Qi Dynasty to argue between the two religions, holding the boundary between foreign countries and Xia Dynasty, advocating Taoism and restraining Buddhism, advocating that rural customs were evil and Han customs were good, but still regarded Confucius, Lao and Shi as saints. He said, "As the Second Classic said, the three religions, Taoism, Buddhism and Taoism are hard to say. They attack each other and slander each other, but most of them are' all good' and' all good'. For example, monk Shao's On the Two Religions, The Deep and Ancient World, and The Meaning of Magic is the Magnificence of Buddhism. Liu Shi's On Eliminating Confusion: "The ultimate truth is the same. The magic method is true and solid. "Zhang Rong's On Men": "Tao is also a Buddha, which is very funny. If you don't shut up, so will you. "This theory of harmonious division of labor has long existed in Mou Zi's theory of reason and confusion." Yao and Kong practiced the world; Buddha and Lao Tzu, doing nothing. "Gold and jade don't hurt, boldness of vision doesn't hinder. I even said that Confucianism and Buddhism are the same. " Tao is a kind of thing, you can be a parent at home and cure the people, but you can only cure the disease. Then, complete it, fill the world, waste it and disappear. I wonder what the difference is. This is that there is no difference between Buddhism and Confucianism in "governing the country", "caring for relatives" and "governing the body".

In Hui Yuan's shaman's theory of disrespect for the king, Buddhism and Confucianism have different roles in discussing "being born" and "joining the WTO", but they are the same in terms of social needs. "Tao and Tao, such as Tathagata and Yao Kong, are special, the potential impact is sincere, and the source is the same in the end." Zong Bing, a disciple of Hui Yuan, said in On Buddhism: "Confucius, Lao Zi and Tathagata teach three things and learn Tao." This shows that when Buddhism enters China, it must find a foothold in this harmony theory in order to meet the needs of China culture. On the other hand, during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the religious belief theory of Buddhism penetrated into all social strata more and more, which had a great influence on the literati at that time. Therefore, Confucian scholars also have many comments on the harmony of the three religions. For example, in Yan Jiaxun, the year of returning to the heart, a great scholar in the Northern Qi Dynasty put forward that "the internal code begins with five prohibitions, which is the same as the five images of benevolence and righteousness in the external book, and the benevolent does not kill the prohibitions; The righteous also forbid stealing; Ceremony, don't be evil; Smart people are not forbidden to drink; People who believe in it are not prohibited casually. " This metaphor is actually conducive to the spread of Buddhism. ?

In the Sui Dynasty, the theory of harmony among the three religions went further, and there was a saying that "all good things returned to their original places". Emperor Yangdi worshiped Buddha to the utmost, and wrote in the imperial edict in March of the first year of the emperor: "There is no internal and external law, and all good things come to Qi; The teaching is simple and unexpectedly consistent. " According to this view, the ability of the three religions of the Beggars' Sect to "return to goodness" lies in "guiding people to do good", so Li Yuan, the great ancestor of the Tang Dynasty, said: "The three religions are different, and the goodness is returned to a slap." This shows that emperors in China's history realized that religion was helpful to "governing the country". Confucianism believes that "Taoism is compatible", Taoism believes that "tolerance is the greatest", and China-based Buddhism also believes that different religious ideas should be tolerant. For example, in Tang Zongmi's Preface to Huayan Primitive Man, he said: "Confucius, Laozi and Sakyamuni Buddhas are all saints, and they always follow the circumstances, set up teaching paths, provide domestic and foreign subsidies, benefit the collective, and give advice as much as possible ... Similarly, China Buddhism has been like Tiantai, Huayan and Zen since its establishment in Sui and Tang Dynasties. In other words, juxtaposing various Buddhist sects with various doctrines is an internal problem of Buddhist sects, but the clan density has expanded, and Confucianism and Taoism have also been included in their "trial teaching" series, showing the broadness and tolerance of doctrines. This may be to enable the three schools of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in China to compete with each other, discuss the similarities and differences of their functions, and even vilify each other, but in the end they can meet Wen without resorting to violence or launching religious wars. In a word, China's Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism have different degrees of tolerance and harmony in the great tradition of Chinese culture, which is the ideological basis of almost no "religious war" in Chinese history.