Who can answer: the background of the rise of western conservatism in the 1970s?

The development of conservatism in the 20th century can be divided into three stages. The first stage is from the beginning of the 20th century to around the Second World War. The conservative trend of thought in this period mainly lamented the old tradition that had disappeared, resisted the neo-liberal trend of thought of state intervention, and appealed to powerful outstanding figures, namely elites. There are two main schools in this period. First of all, elites and experts govern the country. The elites, represented by Italians mosca and Pareto, believe that there will always be people who are educated and ignorant in human society. Scholars, politicians, artists and business managers are all outstanding figures. Maintaining the quality and leadership of elites is the only way to save the West. According to the new changes in modern industrial society, the expert ruling school represented by Burnham and Galbraith in the United States believes that western industrial countries have entered the management society, and new management classes and technical experts have emerged as social subjects. They are the real leaders of society, and parliamentary democracy is about to die. The second is conservatism headed by British conservative politician Hugh Cecil. Cecil was an important theorist of the British Conservative Party in the early 20th century. In his book Conservatism, he made a new exposition of Burke's conservatism. He proposed that we should respect authority and reality, be cautious about changes, and safeguard national unity and Britain's position. His thought embodies the basic characteristics of conservatism in the early 20th century.

The second stage is from around the Second World War to the late 1960s and early 1970s. This period is a period of neoliberalism. Accordingly, it is a period when neoconservatism studies, brews, criticizes neoliberalism and constructs a theoretical system. Many contemporary neoconservatives formed their views and appeared in this period.

The third stage is from the end of the 20th century to the present. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the welfare state policy was in trouble, and the economies of major western countries expanded, resulting in serious economic depression and a large number of social problems. The theory and policy of neoliberalism have been challenged. At this time, neoconservatism rose and spread rapidly, becoming the dominant political trend of thought in western countries. The main representatives are British Austrian political thinker Hayek, American Friedman, Buchanan and Nozick. These are also famous economists. The main feature of neoconservatism in this period is to combine classical liberalism, that is, laissez-faire and conservatism, and oppose the basic theories and policies of neoliberalism. Therefore, people who study western political thought usually call it liberal conservatism. In western economics, they are usually called neoliberals, but their meanings are different.