Architectural Groups of Ming and Qing Architecture

This period of architectural groups using overlapping vertical expansion of the courtyard, with the left and right horizontal expansion, in order to highlight the main building through the changes in different enclosed spaces, which is typical of the Ming and Qing Forbidden City in Beiping, the architectural craftsmen at this time, the organization of the sense of scale of the space is quite flexible and sharp. Existing Buddhist temples, most of which were rebuilt or newly built during the Ming and Qing dynasties, still exist in thousands throughout the country. Sinicized temples show two styles: First, located in the city, especially the royal edicts of the big temple, mostly typical of the official building, the layout of a single standard, the overall regular symmetry. Generally: the temple, the temple of heavenly kings, the two in the middle of the courtyard arrangement of bells, drums, two buildings; the temple of heavenly kings for the Maharajah's temple, the east side of the temple is often the Hall of Jalan, the west side of the temple is often for the ancestral temple. This twofold courtyard and the gate, the Hall of the Heavenly King, the Hall of the three temples, can be called the temple. In addition, the law hall, hidden scripture hall and living area of the abbot, fasting hall, Yunshui Hall, etc. in the back of the configuration, or located in the two sides of the small courtyard. Such as Beijing Guangji Temple, Shanxi Taiyuan Chongshan Temple, etc. that is. Second, the mountain village Buddhist temple more local conditions, the layout in the search for changes in the regularity. Distributed in the four mountains and Tiantai, Mount Lushan and other mountainous areas of the Buddhist temple mostly belongs to such. Ming and Qing dynasties in the temple side of the temple side of a hospital another Lohan Hall, the country is still more than a dozen places, there are still new heavy. In order to facilitate the seven precepts, after licensing some of the large monasteries have permanent altar hall. Ming and Qing dynasties, in Tibet, Mongolia and other ethnic minorities in the distribution area and North China, a lot of new and rebuilt Lama Temple. They were influenced by the Han architectural style to varying degrees, and some of them have been quite Sinicized, but always retained certain basic features that make them recognizable at a glance.

This period of China's Buddhist temple architecture on the emergence of a kind of arched brick structure hall, commonly known as the "beamless hall", such as Shanxi, Nanjing Linggu Temple, Baohuashan Longchang Temple in such hall buildings. This reflects the increase in brick production since the Ming Dynasty, so that has long been applied in the mausoleum in the brick coupon technology used to the ground in the building. Wutai mountain hsiangtong temple in the limitless hall for the brick imitation wood structure heavy eaves hysterical roof of the building, 20.3 meters high. This hall is divided into upper and lower two layers, seven dark three rooms, face width 28.2 meters, 16 meters deep, brick coupon and become, three continuous arch side by side, the left and right walls become the foot of the arch, between relying on the opening of the arch to contact, the type of peculiar, superbly carved, magnificent, is our country's ancient masonry architectural art masterpiece. Immeasurable Hall front each layer has seven loft holes, loft holes embedded with brick plaques. Immeasurable Hall has a high artistic value, is a masterpiece of China's beamless architecture.

Ming and Qing pagodas are diverse and have many forms. In terms of modeling, the tower's arch and eaves are very slender, encircling the tower body like a ring belt, and the contour line is different from before. Due to the tower of the body type of towering, prominent image, in the overall outline of the complex plays a great role in enriching the city's three-dimensional composition, decorated with scenic spots. The significance of the pagoda has actually long exceeded the provisions of religion, and has become an important aesthetic object in people's lives. Thus, not only Taoism, Islam and other religions have built some towers with their own styles and meanings, folk also built some Feng Shui Pagoda (Wenfeng Pagoda), lighthouse. In terms of modeling, style, craftsmanship, technology, etc., they have been influenced by the pagoda. The Feihong Pagoda of Guangsheng Temple is introduced as an example. Flying Rainbow Pagoda in Shanxi Hongdong County, 17 kilometers northeast of Guangsheng on the temple, the most well-preserved attic-style glazed tower for the country. Tower body exterior body paste glazed surface bricks and glazed tiles, glazed thickness varies, the eyes shine, colorful as a rainbow, so the name. Tower was built in han, repeatedly rebuilt, existing for Ming jiajing six years (1527 years) rebuilt, Tianqi two years (1622 years) at the bottom of the additional corridor tower plane octagonal, thirteen levels, 47.31 meters high. The tower body is made of green brick, each layer has an eave, and the tower body gradually changes from bottom to top, forming an upright outline. At the same time, imitating the style of wooden architecture, in the corner part of the application of pendant flower columns, in the flat square, the surface of the square carving patterns, arches and various components also appear very delicate. Form and structure reflect the typical style of the Ming Dynasty brick tower. The tower external eaves, square, tower door and a variety of decorative motifs (such as Guanyin, Lohan, heavenly kings, vajra, dragons and tigers, lin and phoenix, flowers, birds and insects, etc.), are yellow, green and blue glaze inlaid, exquisite and translucent, brilliant, the formation of brilliant and colorful decorative style, so far the color and lustre is as good as new, showing the Ming Dynasty, Shanxi region of the glaze craftsmanship of the high level. The tower is hollow, there are footpaths to turn over, can climb up, for China's glazed tower in the masterpiece. Beijing courtyard house is the representative of the northern courtyard building. It is wide and sparse courtyard, the four sides of the houses are independent of each other, each other has a corridor connection, living is very convenient. The courtyard is a closed house, with only one street door to the outside, which makes it a world of its own with the door closed, and has a strong sense of privacy and is very suitable for exclusive living. Inside the courtyard, all four houses open their doors to the direction of the courtyard, so the family can live in harmony with each other. Because of the spaciousness of the courtyard, trees and flowers can be planted, birds and fish can be kept, and rocks can be stacked to create a landscape. The residents not only enjoy a comfortable house, but also share the beautiful world given by nature.

Shadow wall is an important decorative wall inside and outside the gate of Beijing courtyard houses, most of which are made of bricks, the main role of which is to block the wall and scenery inside and outside the gate which are messy and dull, and to beautify the entrance and exit of the gate, when people enter and exit the gate of the house, the first thing they see is the stacked elaborate, beautifully carved wall and the auspicious words and chants inlaid on it. Through a small hanging flower door, is the courtyard house. The inner house is a courtyard surrounded by the north room, the east and west rooms and the hanging flower gate. Feudal society, the allocation of the inner house is very strict, the location of the superior and prominent main house, are to the old generation of lords and wives live. The three rooms in the north house are only one in the center with an open door to the outside, known as the hall. The two rooms on both sides only open to the hall, forming a suite, becoming a bright and dark pattern. The hall is a place for family members to live, entertain relatives or make offerings to ancestors during festivals, and the two sides are mostly used as bedrooms. The bedrooms on the east and west sides are also divided into the inferiority and superiority. Under the system of polygamy, the east side is honored and inhabited by the main room, while the west side is inferior and inhabited by the side room. The east and west ear rooms can have a single door or be connected to the main room, and are usually used as bedrooms or study rooms. The east and west compartments are inhabited by the younger generation, and the compartments are also bright and dark, with a living room in the center and bedrooms on both sides. One of the rooms in the center is the living room, and the bedrooms are on both sides. One of the rooms on the south side can be divided and used as the kitchen or dining room. Medium-sized courtyards and above often have a rear military room or a rear courtyard, which is mainly used for women who have not yet left the court or for maids to live in.

Southern residential courtyard is very small, the surrounding houses into one, called "a seal", suitable for the southern climate conditions. Southern homes are mostly used through the bucket structure, the combination of housing is more flexible, suitable for the undulating terrain. Southern homes are often used in pink walls and tiles, giving a person a sense of elegance. In the south, the house of the mountain wall like to make "seal fire mountain wall", it can be considered as a hard mountain of an exaggerated treatment. In the ancient densely populated cities in the south, this higher than the roof of the mountain wall, can indeed play a role in the role of fire, but also played a good decorative effect.

The Hakka Tulou is a fabulous mountain village residential architecture unique in the world. There are two kinds of earth buildings: square earth buildings and round earth buildings. The round earth building is the most colorful and shocking of Hakka tradition. The Hakka people were originally Han Chinese from the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in China, but they were forced to move southward more than 1900 years ago during the era of frequent wars and turmoil. During this long period of historical turmoil, the Hakka people had to operate in the mountains and live in clusters in order to avoid the impact of outsiders. At first, they built single houses with local soil, gravel and wood strips, then connected them to form big houses, and then built multi-storey square or round earthen buildings to resist external oppression and defend against bandits and robbers. This peculiar earth building was later spread to the Hakka area in Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi and Guangxi. From the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the earth building is more and more big. In ancient times and even before liberation, the earth building has always been the Hakka people self-defense defense of the strong building fortress.

In addition, other parts of the country's homes are also very distinctive. In short, residential is the crystallization of the wisdom of the working people, the form is relatively free, not subject to "legal", "rules and regulations" and other constraints, which has a lot of things to learn from us.

The Ming and Qing dynasties is the last peak period of China's ancient architectural system. The Ming and Qing dynasties is the last stage of development of the ancient Chinese architectural system. During this period, although the ancient Chinese architecture in the single building technology and modeling is becoming more and more stereotyped, but in the combination of architectural groups, the creation of spatial atmosphere, but has made remarkable achievements. The greatest achievement of Ming and Qing architecture was in the field of gardens. The Jiangnan private gardens of the Ming Dynasty and the northern royal gardens of the Qing Dynasty are the most artistic ancient architectural complexes.

China has built a large number of palaces throughout the ages, but only the palaces of the Ming and Qing dynasties -- the Forbidden City in Beijing and the Imperial Palace in Shenyang -- have been preserved to this day and have become priceless treasures of Chinese culture. Existing ancient cities and residential houses in the north and south were also basically built in this period. Ming and Qing Dynasty Beijing City and Ming Nanjing City are the most outstanding representatives of Ming and Qing Dynasty cities. The courtyard houses in Beijing and the residential houses in Jiangsu and Zhejiang are the most successful examples of Chinese residential houses. Altars and temples and imperial tombs were both important buildings in ancient times. At present, Beijing still has relatively intact altars and temples of the highest national level dedicated to heaven and earth, the gods of earth and grain, and the ancestors of emperors and kings in the Ming and Qing dynasties. One of the most outstanding representatives is the Temple of Heaven in Beijing, which still impresses people with its marvelous art of communicating with heaven and earth.

The imperial tombs of the Ming Dynasty were unique in that they inherited the form of their predecessors, and the Qing Dynasty basically inherited the Ming Dynasty system. The Ming Thirteen Tombs is the most outstanding artistic achievement in the Ming and Qing imperial tombs. In the past, researchers of architectural history, often due to the decline in the artistry of single building in the Ming and Qing dynasties and disparage the Ming and Qing architecture. In fact, the Ming and Qing architecture not only in the creation of group space artistry has made outstanding achievements, but also in the construction technology has made progress.