What are the main styles of architecture and statues in medieval Europe?

Key words: Roman style, Byzantine architecture and Gothic ancient Roman architecture are the architectural styles that the ancient Romans carried on extensive innovation in architectural form, technology and art, following the architectural technology of Etruscans in the Apen Peninsula and inheriting the architectural achievements of ancient Greece. Ancient Roman architecture is generally characterized by thick masonry walls, semicircular arches, layered door frame decorations and cross vault structures. Since the second half of the 4th century, the trend of ancient Roman architecture has declined. In 395 AD, the Roman Empire was divided into two parts, the East and the West, and Christianity was also divided. Its eastern part is centered on Constantinople (that is, Byzantium) and is called Orthodox Church. The west is still centered on Rome, which is called Catholicism. Since then, the architectural styles of the churches on both sides have changed. Mainly divided into Byzantine architecture, Romanesque architecture and Gothic architecture. Byzantine architectural style 1. A brief history of development: During the prosperous period (4th-6th century), Constantinople was mainly built according to the appearance of ancient Rome. In the 6th century, a large Hagia Sophia with the dome as the center appeared. Mid-term: (7th-12nd century), due to the invasion of foreign enemies, the territory was reduced, the number of buildings was reduced, and the scale was not as good as before. It is characterized by less land occupation and high development level. The big dome in the center is gone, and it is changed into several small dome groups, with emphasis on decoration, such as St. Kyle's Church in Venice. Later period: (13-15th century) Crusades caused great losses to the imperial court of the Lunar New Year. At this time, there were neither many buildings nor any new creations. Later, most of them were damaged after Turkey entered the country. Second, the style of Byzantine architecture mainly has four aspects: the first aspect is the roof modeling, and the "dome" is widely used. This feature is obviously the result of the influence of ancient Roman architectural style. But compared with ancient Rome, the use of "dome roof" in Byzantine architecture is much more common than that in ancient Rome. Almost all public buildings with religious buildings adopt domed roofs. Although there were such forms in ancient Rome, such as the Pantheon, it was not common. The second feature is that the overall modeling center is prominent. In general Byzantine architecture, the center of architectural composition is often very prominent. The tall and large dome often becomes the center of the whole building. Around this central part, some small parts are often arranged in an orderly manner. The third feature is that it creates the structural method of supporting the dome on independent square columns and the corresponding centralized architectural modeling. Its typical practice is to distribute coupons on the four sides of a square plane, and build a dome with diagonal diameter between four coupons, as if a complete dome was cut by distributing coupons on four sides, and its weight was completely borne by four coupons, thus making the internal space extremely free. The fourth feature is bright colors. Decorate a large area with mosaics or pastels, and pay attention to both change and unity in the use of colors, so that the internal space and external facade of the building are dazzling. In this respect, Byzantine architecture greatly enriched the language of architecture, and also greatly improved the expressive ability and artistic conception of architecture.

When it comes to Byzantine architecture, we can't help but mention the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. Because it not only fully embodies the characteristics of Byzantine architecture (including style characteristics), but also embodies the achievements of Byzantine architecture.

The whole plane of the church is a huge rectangle. From the external shape, it is a typical centralized building centered on the dome hall. Structurally, it has a complex and organized structural stress system. From the internal space, the church not only introduces natural light into the church through a circle of 40 small windows arranged at the lower part of the big dome, making the whole space erratic, light and magical, increasing the religious atmosphere, but also further creating an artistic atmosphere with the help of the color language of the building. The doors and windows of the hall are colored. Columns and interior walls are made of colored marble such as white, green, black and red. The pillars are green, the capitals are white, and some places are inlaid with gold. The dome is covered with blue and gold glass mosaics. These colorful colors complement each other, are rich and diverse, live in harmony, and are unified in an overall artistic conception: sacred, noble and rich. Therefore, making full use of the color language of architecture to create artistic conception effectively shows the charm of Byzantine architecture. This building has naturally become a dazzling masterpiece in the history of medieval and even human architecture. 2. Romanesque architecture Early Christian architecture and Byzantine architecture developed at the same time. Its scale is far less than that of ancient Roman architecture, and its design and construction are very rough, but most of the building materials come from the ruins of ancient Rome. Architectural art inherits the semi-circular arch structure of ancient Rome, and its form is slightly Roman style, so it is called Roman style architecture. Romanesque architecture reached its peak in western Europe in the11-12nd century. Its appearance is closed, similar to a castle, and its doors and windows are semicircular arches. Artistic modeling is often expressed through a series of coupon galleries, with vivid light and shadow. Romanesque architecture, also known as Romanesque architecture, inherits the early Christian architecture and adopts some traditional practices of Roman architecture, such as semi-circular arch and cross arch, and sometimes it is decorated with simplified classical columns and details. After a long-term evolution, the wooden roof of the early Christian church was gradually replaced by the vault, and the Roman arch ticket technology was constantly tested and developed. The buttress was used to balance the lateral force of the heavy vault, and later the heavy vault was gradually replaced by the skeleton certificate. A plane or a Latin cross. In order to worship icons and sacred objects, a number of small worship rooms have been added at the eastern end, and the plane form has become more and more complicated.

The typical features of Roman architecture are: the wall is huge and thick, the wall adopts serial coupons, and the portal adopts concentric multi-layer coupons to reduce the heavy feeling. There are one or two bell towers in the west, and sometimes there are bell towers at the intersection of Latin crosses and horizontal halls. The large and small columns in the central hall are arranged alternately in rhythm. Narrow windows create a dark and mysterious atmosphere in a large internal space. The simple central hall contrasts with the magnificent altar, and the huge spatial change between the central hall and the side gallery breaks the sense of balance in classical architecture.

With the development of Roman architecture, the central hall is getting higher and higher. In order to reduce and balance the lateral spinal force of the arch foot on the towering middle hall and make the vault adapt to different sizes and forms of planes, Gothic architecture came into being later. As a transitional form, Roman architecture not only combines the heavy structure with the vertical rising momentum, but also successfully organizes the tower into a complete structure for the first time in architectural history. You can enjoy the perfect Roman style in the Lamb Cathedral in England, which was built in 12 century. Pisa complex is an outstanding representative of Italian Romanesque architecture. And Worms Cathedral in Germany. The ancient Greeks had a similar mentality when building holy places. One of the interests of local authorities, churches and citizens is to build a landmark high church in the city center. The construction period of a church is often as long as ten years, decades or even hundreds of years. (Impetuous modern people often feel puzzled when faced with these things.) The churches built in this period (1000- 1200) almost all have a Latin cross layout, with the main entrance facing west (mentioned in the last episode). In fact, the earlier basilica style constituted the vertical road of the Latin Cross, which was divided into a middle hall and two side halls, separated by two rows of columns. The inner room of the central hall is very large, and the eastern end is connected with a semi-circular back hall with an altar inside. In the architecture of this period, a horizontal space perpendicular to the middle hall was generally built in front of the back hall, and its height and width were equivalent to that of the middle hall. In this way, a glyph on the plane becomes a cross. The cross is much shorter than the vertical line, which is a Latin cross. Because the Latin cross symbolizes the crucifixion of Jesus and can be well combined with the needs of ceremonies, the Catholic Church has since regarded it as the most orthodox church form. The bell tower existed in early Christian buildings, and was set up as an independent building next to the church as a landmark to defend and summon believers. This was well inherited in Italy during the Romanesque architecture period, such as Pisada Church and Florence Cathedral. However, in the Rhine valley in the north and other places in western Europe, the bell tower is often integrated with the main building of the church. The tower is either integrated with the two wings (the intersection of Latin crosses) or directly built at the east and west ends (vertical roads), so that the bell tower can be built higher and become a major feature of Roman architecture. At that time, glass was still a scarce item, so the windows of many churches were made very small, and the light in the churches was dim. In order to improve indoor lighting, the designer also built a steeple above the intersection of the vertical and horizontal halls. /kloc-after the 0/0 century, cross arch and other technologies spread from Italy to other parts of western Europe. The original wooden roof of the church is usually replaced by a vault made of stone. In order to bear the load and offset the lateral thrust, people built a huge and thick outer wall (with buttresses hidden inside) and replaced the columns with heavy piers. Later, arch ribs were used in tubular arches and cross arches to make the supporting structure of buildings clearer. Similarly, in order to bear the load, the doors and windows of the church are very narrow, and the solid windows are generally built in the middle and upper floors. These city churches are generally complex in shape and exquisite in materials. Although a large area of thick exterior walls is inevitable, a large number of decorative units such as semi-circular overlapping serial fake coupons and semi-exposed columns are used on the exterior walls, which are in harmony with the physical structures such as coupon corridors and windows, and concentric multi-layer coupons are used at the openings of doors and windows, so that the whole building does not look very heavy (Figure 5). On the main gable, stone carvings and statues form the core of decoration. The gate is trumpet-shaped and sinks into the gable (this shows that the outer wall is extremely thick), and the trumpet-shaped doorway is decorated with stepped semi-circular arches and columns. The interior space is dark and mysterious, and the simple central hall contrasts with the gorgeous altar. Third, the further development of Gothic architecture Romanesque architecture is 12- 15 century western European Gothic architecture centered on France.

"Goth" was originally one of the Germanic "barbarians" who participated in overthrowing Roman slavery. /kloc-In the 5th century, the Renaissance movement opposed feudal theocracy and advocated the revival of Roman culture, but called the architectural style at that time "Gothic" to show its negation. The architecture of this period is still dominated by churches, and the architectural style is completely out of the influence of ancient Rome, but characterized by pointed vouchers (from the East), pointed rib vaults, sloping roofs and bell towers, buttresses, beams and flowers. Saint-denis Cathedral on the outskirts of Paris is a landmark building in the process of the transformation from Roman style to Gothic style. The biggest difference from Roman church is its lightness and brightness, which is directly related to its window design. The stained glass used to decorate the window is beautifully designed, and the sun pours in from the outside, creating a holy atmosphere through colorful colors. 1. Historical background and popular trend1After the 2nd century, the nation-state represented by France has been continuously consolidated and developed. With the large population gathering and the rapid development of handicrafts, commerce and banking, new social strata have been growing and various craftsmen's associations have been established, and the city has entered a new period of prosperity and development. The development of the city means circulation, and the trade with the Oriental Arabs not only brings wealth, but also shows people the spire vouchers in Arab architecture since the 7th century. All kinds of craftsmen who have grown up in the urban environment have pushed the arts and crafts skills such as sculpture and painting to an unprecedented height, and even turned the whimsy of architects into reality. While wealth accumulated in the city, it also influenced and shaken the inherent aesthetics of the church. City managers spend more than half of their financial expenditure on building a cathedral to be proud of, and also give masons and other craftsmen who participate in the association preferential policies such as exemption from other labor and taxes. In this environment, which is conducive to giving full play to the wisdom of craftsmen, architects and arts and crafts masters at that time combined the skills of Roman church's cross arch, skeleton coupon and Arab spire coupon to create a new type of church modeling and supporting structure system. This new architectural form was first born in France, which requires extremely high processing accuracy of building materials and can better combine wealth with longing for heaven. As soon as it came out, it swept the whole western Europe and lasted for 400 years. However, Gothic architecture in different countries still shows different aesthetic tendencies. In England, the vertical line is strengthened. In Germany, this tower became an important symbol. Italians with cultural superiority show quite contradictory mentality in the face of this new architectural form. On the one hand, they despise this new style and name it Gothic architecture ("Gothic", which reminds people of the ignorant and barbaric northern nomadic tribes); On the other hand, in the aspect of architectural appearance decoration, it draws lessons from Gothic pointed arch modeling. 2. Basic features-Most pointed arch Gothic buildings are churches. Compared with Romanesque churches, Gothic architecture replaced all Romanesque semi-circular arches with pointed arches. The change of this basic line has brought about the change of artistic conception: the original heavy and dark impression has become a light and rising line. Pointed arch is more practical than semi-circular arch in that under the same span (the middle hall is generally more than 30 meters, and the highest is 8 meters), the vault can be made higher, and the lateral thrust generated by it will be smaller, which is conducive to reducing the structure; In addition, the pointed arch can adapt to a variety of shapes, while the semi-circular cross arch can only cover square space. 3. The basic structural unit of the Gothic church with frame structure can be understood as: making bicentric skeleton pointed tickets on the pillars at the four corners of a square or rectangular plane, one on each side and one on the diagonal, and supporting the roof slate on the tickets to form a vault, also known as a pointed rib vault (Figure 1). In order to balance the lateral thrust of the arch foot of the central hall, a flying crib is set up from the pier outside the side hall (Figure 2). In order to increase stability, minarets are generally built on piers. It can be seen that the unique frame structure of Gothic architecture. 4. The central hall of the Gothic church, which is built both inside and outside, is generally not wide, but it is very high and long, and the upward vertical line guided by beams and columns dominates, creating a strong upward trend. Due to the removal of the load-bearing wall, the window occupies the whole area between the columns, and the window is inlaid with colored glass, which is also commonly known as the picture. When the sun shines, the inside of the church is filled with dazzling colors, making it a sacred place like heaven (Figure 3). Interior decoration focuses on canopies, niches, etc., and also takes tip coupons as the theme. Generally, there are square main towers on both sides of the main entrance of a church, which increases the width and momentum of the main facade. Germans like to add a very high minaret to the top of the square main tower, resulting in a towering situation (because the tower consumes more time and property, some churches have only built one tower so far). The minaret is not only built on the main tower, but also on buttresses, buttresses, railings, windows and other things in a corresponding proportion. The spires of different sizes, as well as the small flower-shaped decorations on the tower, are like sharp bamboo shoots rising from the ground, big and small. In response to these minarets, the main facade in the west is covered with complex vertical lines and many deliberately elongated figures. The appearance of the whole building is reminiscent of the mysterious upward paradise. Pointed coupons, pointed arches, flying buttresses and a large number of detailed decorations with the theme of pointed coupons, such as canopies and niches, make the architectural style and structural techniques an organic whole. The gables at the main entrance of Notre Dame de Paris, the square towers on both sides have no spires, the center of the whole facade is a huge rose window, and all other doors and windows are pointed coupons. The picture on the right shows the central hall of Inoni Mas Cathedral in Salamanca. In order to increase the vertical rising line, piers are made into beam-column shapes, which radiate upwards into arch ribs. The arch ribs are staggered into a complex pattern with 4 axis symmetry, and the stained glass windows on both sides of the central hall are clearly visible. The main entrance of Milan Cathedral (Dom de Milan, built in 1386, not completely completed until 1858) has many small minarets, with about 138 large and small minarets, which generally show Gothic style (only one in Italy) and many later baroque and new songs. The exterior of the New Mary Church in Florence (from the middle of13rd century to the middle of14th century) has almost no Gothic style, except that the doorway on the main facade is slightly sharp, but the interior is sharp Gothic style. Marble veneer is the product of 1456- 1470, which has begun to have the characteristics of Renaissance art.