China's first historical commentary

Shitong, written by Liu Zhiqi of the Tang Dynasty, was the first systematic monograph on the theory of historiography in China and the world. The contents of the book mainly commented on the style of history and the method of compiling history, as well as discussing the sources of history and the achievements and failures of the previous generations in the cultivation of history. Because it summarizes all the problems of historiography before the Tang Dynasty, it has a very high historiographical status and has had a profound influence on later generations. The compilation of this book began in the second year of Chang'an of the Empress Wu of the Tang Dynasty, and took nine years to complete in the fourth year of Jinglong of the Tang Emperor Zhongzong.

[edit] Motivation for writing

[edit] Summarizing previous historiography

Lack of historical review works Before this book appeared, China had already seen many excellent historians, producing a large number of historiographical works, according to the "Sui book - the book of the history of the history of the Department of the Department of the history of the Department of thirteen categories,*** recorded 817 parts, 13,264 volumes. Due to the author of many, long time, the books in the compilation of style, writing skills, historical materials, the authenticity of the historical concept of positive or negative and so on, the objective situation requires the history of Chinese historiography to make a complete summary of a large number of historical books of the merits and demerits of good and bad to be assessed, the emergence of "history of the pass", no doubt is the author of their own proficiency in historiography, as well as the results of painstaking research, but on the other hand, and the development of the ancient historiography is indistinguishable.

[edit] On the proposed Spring and Autumn

"Stone - Preface" tastes cloud: this book more ridicule the past philosophical, like to describe the former wrong, was offended at the time, certainly its appropriate. I hope to know the sound of the gentleman, when there is a view. Nifu said: "Spring and Autumn" for those who sinned against me, and "Spring and Autumn" for those who know me, and that's what he said. From this point of view, the work of the Stone, Liu's also on the intention of the Spring and Autumn Annals.

[edit] Dissatisfaction with previous writings

Liu Zhiqi, a keen historian since his childhood, had read a lot of books to correct the messiness of the accumulated historical writings in terms of the methodology and theoretical structure of history, so as to explore the real theories of historiography. Therefore, Liu said in Shi Tong: "If Shi Tong is a book, it is also a book that hurts the people who carried the pen at that time, whose meanings were not pure, and who thought about the attribution of the book, and exhausted its style. Therefore, Liu Zhiqi wanted to establish his own theories of historiography through the Shitong.

[edit] Challenging the system of the time

Liu Zhiqi, as a historian, felt that the constraints of the Historical Hall could not satisfy his high demand for a historical work, so he resigned from his official post and wrote the Historical General.

[edit] Limitations on the revision of history in the Historical Hall

While he had been in the Historical Hall for more than twenty years, he was subjected to the ministers who supervised the revision of the history for his excellent historical insights, such as Zhang Changzong, Zhang Yizhi, Wu Sanshi, and Xiao Zhizhong, and Liu Zhiqi's ideas were often not in line with them and were depreciated. He was opposed to the revision of the history of the many families and advocated the compilation of a person's own work, and retired from his post and privately authored the "Historical Tong" in order to give full play to his own historiographical talent and knowledge. In addition, he believed that there were many drawbacks to the revision of history in the Historical Museum, such as the complicated character of the Historical Museum, many mediocre people, and it was difficult to unify the understanding of historiography. Secondly, there was a lack of systematic regulation in the Historical Museum, which led to unclear division of labor, and thirdly, there was a lack of materials in the Historical Museum, which made it difficult to compile. The fourth is the interference of the rich and powerful in the revision of history, so that the Historical Museum does not dare to write its own words.

[edit] The name of the Shi Tong

He said that the reason for the name of the Shi Tong is: "The Han Dynasty Confucianism, the collection of the discussion of the scriptures and biographies, set in the Baihu Guan, because of the name of the White Tiger Tong, Yu both in the Museum of History and made the book, so it will be the Shi Tong for the purpose of the title."

[edit] Establishment of the content and the theory of historiography

Shitong Quanpa*** has twenty volumes, the original fifty-two, but among them, "the system", "error", "Chizhang" three have been lost. The book can be divided into thirty-six internal chapters and thirteen external chapters. The inner chapters mainly comment on the style and method of compilation of historical books, while the outer chapters mainly discuss the origin of historical books and the achievements and failures of previous generations in the cultivation of history.

[edit] Genre

Liu Zhiqi thought that although there were many pre-Tang histories, most of them were imitations of the previous ones, and that if one explored the sources and summarized them, there were only six, and among the six, only the Zuozhuanists and Hanshuists still inherited their genres, and so he wrote another article, "The Two Genres", to elaborate on them.

Six families, the two bodies, miscellaneous description of the three narrative breaks off the style of history books, categories. According to the style of the six families is divided into two styles, one chronicle, biography. In the miscellaneous history, according to its content is divided into ten kinds of small records, Yat-sen, geography

Benji, family, biographies, table calendar, book record, the praise, preface biography, preface of examples, the limit, the editing of the title, title, title, loaded with words, loaded with articles, the book of the incident, the annoyance of the province of sixteen comment on chronicles and chronicles of the style, content and codification method.

The two articles on the talent and selection of historians. It is pointed out that a historian must have talent, knowledge and understanding before he can take up the task of writing history. Talent refers to competence; learning refers to knowledge; and knowledge refers to historical perspective and writing style, i.e. "good and evil must be written".

Collecting a compilation, on the method of compilation and information search. Liu suggested that before compilation, one should collect historical materials extensively and select them carefully.

Narrative, floating words, mimicry, language, because of Xi, Yili six, on the method of narration and writing skills.

The two articles, Characters and Characterization, dealt with the recording and evaluation of historical figures. He argued that the importance of the characters should be taken into account, including the importance of "their evils as a warning to the world, and their goodness as an example to the future. He also believed that one should not only record the characters, but also evaluate them, pointing out their historical status and role.

A supplemental note on the annotations of historical books. Liu divided the notes of historical books into two categories, one is explanation and the other is supplementation. Liu's note of the explanation, as a note of the main body of the note writer. Liu's note for the supplemental deeds, Liu's denied.

Kanji, Ze two, on the review of history should pay attention to the problem. Liu explained that only knowledge without identification is not very useful. He believes that there must be a thorough study of things in order to have a proper view. Liu also pointed out that the study of previous writings, do not make presumptions and distort the meaning of the ancients.

Self-description of a Liu's self-description of the study and research of history and the writing of the motives, intentions and feelings of Shidong.

The outer part is a general discussion of the sources of history and some of the specific problems of the history of the predecessors.

Ancient and Modern History describes the writing of historical books in the past and analyzes their origins. Liu divides the historical works before the Tang Dynasty into two categories: the "official history" and the "miscellaneous history", and in the official history, the origin of the works is further divided into six families - the Shangshu family, the Spring and Autumn family, the Zuozhuan family, the Guoyu family, the Shiji family, and the Hanshu family.

Historian establishment, disobedience to the time of the two discusses the history of the establishment of historians, the official revision of the history of the shortcomings. Liu affirms the importance of the establishment of officials to repair history, but he believes that the five major shortcomings of the official repair of history are exposed:

First, there are many historians, looking at each other;

Secondly, there is a lack of historical materials, difficult to compile;

Thirdly, the interference of the powerful and powerful, do not dare to straighten out the book;

Fourthly, the supervisor of the revision of the hold up, there is no way to write;

Fifthly, there is a lack of system, the duties of the unknown.

Doubt ancient, confused by the scriptures, ShenZuo, miscellaneous on, miscellaneous in, miscellaneous under, dark confusion, the Han book of the five elements of the Zhi error, five elements of the Zhi miscellaneous refutation of the nine, specializing in the merits and demerits and miscellaneous comments on historical writings. Liu's article on Doubting the Ancient? chapter, he made ten criticisms of the Shangshu and the Analects of Confucius, and twelve criticisms of the Spring and Autumn Annals in the chapter of Confusing the Scriptures. He not only criticizes Confucius, but also accuses Mencius, Sima Qian and others of praising Confucius in a bold and prominent way.

In the chapter of Shen Zuo, commenting on the merits and demerits of the three biographies of the Spring and Autumn Annals, he praised Zuo Zhuan and depreciated the biographies of Gongyang and Gu Liang. In the miscellany of the upper, middle and lower three and the dark confusion chapter, miscellaneous assessment of the books recorded in the gains and losses, and put forward a lot of about the style of history, content, compilation methods and reading history, history and other aspects of the comments, the Han book of the five elements of the five elements of the wrong chapter of the Han book of the five elements of the five elements of the book of the shortcomings of the commentary by the Ban Gu. The five elements of the five elements of the five elements of the five elements of the five elements of the five elements of the five elements of the five elements of the five elements of the record of the Spring and Autumn Period.

The point of boredom of a censored history of boredom of the article (refers to the punctuation of the article). Because many ancient scriptures were written with wrong punctuation marks (dots and notes), which caused the readers to misunderstand the original text, Liu deleted all the punctuation marks from them.

Though there are only forty-nine articles in the Shitong, the content is very comprehensive. On the one hand, it comprehensively summarizes and criticizes the gains and losses of the past history; on the other hand, it corrects the errors of contemporary history revision, which can be said to achieve the purpose of "raising questions and benefiting the sick".

[edit] Establishment of Historical Theory

I. The genre of history

Six schools, two styles

Liu Zhiqi thinks that although there are many historical books before the Tang Dynasty, but the whole is mostly out of imitation, to explore the original, summarized only six schools:

Shangshu family (record of words)

Shunchu family (record)

Shunqiu family (record of events)

Zuozhuan family (chronicle)

Guoyin family (chronicles of the country, country-specific history)

Shiji (general history in the form of a chronicle)

Hanshu (interrupted history in the form of a chronicle)

Because only the Zuozhuan family and the Hanshu family of the six had histories that inherited their genres, he wrote another 〈secondary], which is described in detail in an article. He also regarded the chronicles and chronicles as the proper form of history, called the "proper history", while the others were called "miscellaneous writings", such as short notes, square records, genealogies, and records specializing in geography of cities and towns are all "miscellaneous writings".

Liu Zhiqi also believed that chronicles and biographies had their own strengths and weaknesses, and could complement each other, so both should be emphasized. In his article "Ancient and Modern History", he cited both the Spring and Autumn Annals as the official history, but not from the Sui Book. The practice of listing only biographical histories in the official history of the Sui dynasty is a novel and a balanced argument.

Two?

Shitong" respected the history of the broken and opposed to the writing style of the general history. First of all, he thought that the general history is difficult to read, broken history is easier for scholars to explore: "the words are concise, the language is very dense, scholars searching for discussion, easy to do their work," and then, after a dynasty to repair the history of the previous dynasty, not far away from the time, the historical material is easy to obtain, so advocating the repair of broken history.

He was against the revision of the general history, because the general history involves thousands of years of historical facts up and down, in the "Siku Abstracts" mentioned: "non-scholarship is enough to the pass, the article is enough to melt, it is difficult to become a book. In view of the fact that the General History is so old and the historical materials have been lost, and that it can be recorded only in old texts, it is difficult to obtain new and different ones, so we do not advocate the revision of the General History.

Since Liu Zhiqi was a great admirer of the history of dynasties, he also strictly adhered to the limit of the dynasties mentioned in the books of the history of dynasties, and considered it inadvisable to relate to the previous dynasties in order to avoid duplications. Therefore, he criticized the "Book of Han" (汉书). Therefore, he criticized the "Table of the Ancient and Modern People" for involving figures before the Han Dynasty, and advocated the deletion of the "astronomical" (which violated the style of the "interrupted history"), "art and literature", and "the five elements" in the "Chronicle of the Han Dynasty".

Three.

Opinion on the use of words: The chronicle is a book of events and should not contain words. The practice of writing in the biographies intermingles the text with the historical facts, cuts off the coherence of the historical facts, and confuses the readers. It was advocated that the "Lianzhuan" or "Benji" in a history book should only record historical events, and that it would be appropriate to set up a separate chapter titled "Making a Book of Books and Tables". Although the above suggestions were not adopted by the latter, the later compiled the "Classic Texts", which complemented the historical biographies.

Opinion on "Table", "Book" and "Zhi": "Table" is only a repetition of what is contained in "Benji" and "Lianzhuan", so it is not very useful. As for the book and journal, he advocated the deletion of "astronomy", "arts and literature", and "five elements" from the history of the chronicles.

Increase the number of "capitals", "clans", and "square objects": the capitals contained the system of government and court etiquette, which could reflect the ruler's business planning and general material construction. Clans distinguish between the Chinese, the barbarians, and the common people. The big families were the core of the ruling group, so the records could reflect the real face of the society. The tributes to the land reflect the economic situation.

On the praises: It was the practice in the old history to give a speech at the end of the narrative, such as "The Duke of Tai Shi said" in the Records of the Grand Historian.

Four. History of the calligraphy Liu Zhiqi put forward the name, choice, straight three principles:

Name: Xiang Yu unofficial monarch, so the historical records should not be included in the Chronicle, but should be classified into the biography.

Choosing: criticize the wise and the foolish, the good and the bad.

Straightforward speech: good and evil must be written, without distorting the facts due to personal feelings.

V. Liu Zhiqi thought that history should be concise, and opposed to redundancy. He believed that the text should be euphemistic, in order to "meaning outside the words". At the same time, he also advocated the three principles of "simplicity, truthfulness, and modernity", namely:

Plain but not flashy, the floating words should be deleted

The matter must be straightforward, in order to achieve truthfulness

No use of ancient language, and use the contemporary text to write the history, which is "modernity"

VI. In the collection of historical materials, Liu Zhiqi believed that it was desirable to collect a wide range of information and to read a wide range of books. At the same time, private writings were preferable to official revision of history, which had too many objective constraints that prevented the writer from giving full play to his strengths.

VII? Liu Zhiqi opposed the literati to repair history, because it is easy to flow in the pompous, "words have no meaning, luxuriant and unrealistic" and historical facts do not match, so he strongly advocated that historiography should be free from literature and independent, opposed to the scribes to repair the history of the insights of the scribes at that time, the general focus on the words, ignoring the historical facts of the scribes to write and put forward.

VIII. Summarize the gains and losses of the old history Liu's summary of the pros and cons of the old history, especially attention to the authenticity of the historical materials. Pointed out that the old history of many inaccuracies, such as the revision of the history of the monarch's authority is often deterred, can not be directly written historical facts. For example, the revisionists were often afraid of the authority of the monarch and could not write the historical facts straightly, or distorted the facts of the previous dynasty to suit the monarch's heart; they recorded the events with subjective love and hatred and lost the impartiality of right and wrong; they did not understand the truth of the things comprehensively and relied on the rumors, which were inevitably inaccurate; and they made too many secrets and exaggerations, which made it difficult to preserve the facts in their original form.

[edit] Evaluation

Shitong (史通), written by the Tang Dynasty historian Liu Zhiji (刘知几), is the first comprehensive historical commentary in China. The reason why this book is respected by later generations is that Liu Zhiqi made the following contributions:

Liu Zhiqi summarized the development of historiography before the Tang Dynasty in the book Shi Tong. Such as in the "six", "miscellaneous", "two" and other parts of the summary of the categories of historical writings, the origin and style; in the establishment of the historians, the verification of talent, the identification of the job, disobedience and other parts of the summary of the lessons of the establishment of the officials to repair the history; in the Chronicle, the family, the biographies, the table Calendar, the book of the record, the limit of the compilation, the compilation of the speech, the article, book of the matter, the trouble of the province and other parts of the summarized chronicles and the chronicle of the style, the contents of the codification of the method, and so on. In the summary of each point out the advantages and disadvantages, to promote the development of historiography, has an important role.

In his book, he advocated straight books and actual records, and rebuked those who distorted and fabricated history. This view has a lot to do with the social environment before the Tang Dynasty, because before the Tang Dynasty was the era of Wei, Jin, and North and South Dynasties, and often experienced a change of dynasties, and usurpers often want historians to decorate the good and bad of the dynasty, and the enemy country is falsely accused of denigration.

Advocating skepticism about the ancient world and confusing the scriptures, and initiating the trend of examining and recognizing falsehoods in the later generations, this has made a great contribution to historiography.

Liu's theories on the doubt of antiquity and the confusion of scripture awakened scholars to the spirit of seeking truth from facts and seeking the truth of the ancients and the ancients. Although Liu admired Confucius, he still believed that Confucius had his shortcomings, saying, "Confucius is a test of the world's wisdom, love and hatred of those who love and hate themselves, much more! He also criticized the Spring and Autumn Annals authored by Confucius, except for the twelve articles listed in the chapter on confusion, which were also stated in other chapters. Liu Zhiqi not only criticized the Spring and Autumn Annals of Confucius, but also criticized those famous scholars who praised the Spring and Autumn Annals without thinking about it, such as Mencius, Zuo Qiu Ming, Sima Qian, and Ban Gu. This point of view was very creative at that time, and had an impact on later generations:

To the Song and skepticism prevailed. Sima Guang wrote "Zizhi Tongjian" and separate for the examination of different thirty volumes, to clarify the reasons for the historical materials, can be seen.

The Qing dynasty scholars of the examination and identification of falsehoods, y skeptical spirit, dedicated to the work of revision, and not only in the history of more revisions, that is, the general antiquity has also been corrected. For example, Hu Yinglin's "The Four Parts of Falsehood", Song Lian's "Discussion of the Sons of Zhou", Yan Ruoqu's "The Shared Evidence of the Ancient Texts of the Shangshu", and Cui Shu's "Record of Examination of the Letters of Faith".

In terms of historical materials, Liu advocated a wide search and acquisition, careful identification of authenticity, and careful selection. He believes that, if you do not seek dissenting views, picking up words, the content is poor, it is difficult to become a family of words, but if you only seek to gather Bo for the work, and do not add the research and verification, and will be confusing the truth and falsehood, right and wrong. The first thing that I want to do is to get the information from the people who are in charge of the program, and I want to make sure that they have the information they need.

In the style of history, Liu's in-depth analysis of the style of history. He was very detailed in his evaluation of the six schools and two styles. He is six in the Shangshu record of words and not the chronology, the Spring and Autumn Annals and detailed end, the state language country and not return to the canonical style, the historical record of the generation of the far and do not set up limitations, are not immune to its limitations; but Zuozhuan by the year and the month, recounting the events of the time is the Ambrose clear; Han Book of the chronology of the table and the biographies, citing the dynasty is the beginning and the end of the complete set.

In terms of content, he also has a lot of suggestions, such as Liu's emphasize the importance of capitals, clans, Fang things (adding three Zhi). Song zhengqiao work of the "Tongzhi", there will be the clan slightly, the townships slightly; and the yuan Ma Duanlin "literature" and the separate Tu Gongkao, all of which Liu's ideas and add to the.

Liu also advocated the deletion of astronomy, the five elements, arts and literature should only list contemporary scholars of the book can be, without the need to reprint the previous generation of bibliography. Pu Qi Long Shi Tong interpretation that the consort of the relatives do not call the record, after the transmission of the words of praise, disaster, no prophecy of the five lines of the record, are subject to Liu Zhiqi's influence.

In terms of the relationship between literature and history, Liu revealed the concept of the scriptures, literature and history.

Liu Zhiqi opposed the revision of history by literati and advocated the separation of historiography from literature in order to avoid the drawbacks of "literature is not literature and history is not history". This is consistent with today's view of historiography.

Shitong Dazhongjing (史通大惑經篇), said that the Spring and Autumn Period (春秋), which was not entirely consistent with the historical facts. The first is that there are three long and five short versions of the Zuo's book, and the second is that there are five short versions of the Gong and Gu's book. Cover the public, the Valley more micro-linguistic, and the left is detailed in the historical facts, from the historiography position, since the left is credible, the two biographies when in doubt. Its doubtful ancient piece, in the ancient scriptures, and questioned, really understand the establishment of historiography from the shadow of the scriptures.

Fifth, put forward a reasonable method of historiography

Shitong a book of the biggest contribution, is the discussion of the method of historiography. Liu's proposed method of historiography, very systematic and comprehensive, from the scope of the historical material, the collection of historical material, the identification of historical material, the distinction between historical material, to the order of compilation, the judgment of historical events, the character's comments, the length of the cut, the text of the modification, etc., are creative research and planning, for example, the words, editing, the title, the collection of the writing of the chapter, are discussing the method of historiography. Liu's proposed method of historiography had a great influence on later historians and pushed historiography one step forward.

Sixth, the conditions that historians must have.

Liu Zhiqi believed that historians should have scientific training, impartiality and the spirit of seeking truth from facts. The book discusses the three conditions that a historian must have, namely, talent, learning and knowledge, in order for the history he writes to reflect the realities of society. He said, "Historians must have the three qualities, but there are no such people in the world, so there is little talent. The three longs are talent, learning, and knowledge." Historical talent mainly refers to the historian's ability; historical learning mainly refers to the historian's knowledge; as for historical knowledge, it mainly refers to the historian's view of history and penmanship, that is, "good and evil must be written" of the "Straight Writing Theory", Liu emphasized that "a good history is valued by the actual record of a straight book". The above statement is recognized by later historians, which shows the superiority of Liu's knowledge.

Seventhly, he opened up the way of historical criticism.

Historical comment includes two kinds, one is the comment on historical events, one is the comment on historical books, the comment is very early, there are historical books that there are views on historical events, such as Confucius "Spring and Autumn Annals" praise and criticism of calligraphy, is a comment on historical events, and later on, various historical books have been written by the author of the praise. China's most systematic and comprehensive historical commentaries, the first Liu Zhiqi "history", and later there are Song Lv Xiaqing "Tang Shu Zhi Pen", Wu Zhen "Tang Book corrected". Until the Song Chao Gongwu "County Zhai Reading Zhi", only began to classify the historical review as a historical department, and then the catalog book is also known as the history of the book, so it is said that the book of history for all of China's history of all the books opened the right way.

Eighth, the insights of historiography influenced later generations.

The revision of the history of the Tang Dynasty after the history of the book, the adoption of Stone's insights to Ouyang Xiu, "New Tang Dynasty" for the most, such as on the book of vision, Ouyang Xiu quite a division of its intention, "New Tang Dynasty" and then, Liu's doctrine, began to prevail and spread,

such as the Tang Dynasty histories, there is a theory of the praise, there is a rhyme to all the praise deletion, the rhetoric deletion, are affected by its influence. Liu's advocate of the history of the broken generations, the depreciation of the general history, the later generations of official history for the history of the broken generations, the status of the general history is declining.

[edit] Summary

1. "Siku Quanshu" general title: the inner part of all the historians of the style, to identify right and wrong; the outer part of the historical sources, and comment on the ancients.

2. Liang Qichao "Chinese history research method": since Zuo Qiu Ming, Sima Qian, Ban Gu, Xun Yue, Du You, Sima Guang, Yuan Shu, and then China began to have history; since Liu Zhiqi, Zheng Qiao, Zhang Xuecheng, and then China began to have historiography.

3. Wang Weijian, "History of the story" preface: the paper is "Wenxin Diao Long", the history of the history of the "history of the", the two books can not be viewed, is beneficial to the later study.

4. Gao Guoxiang, "Outline of the History of Ancient Chinese Historiography", said: "Just as Sima Qian's Shiji set up a milestone in the codification of history, Liu Zhiji's Shitong set up a milestone in the theory of historiography".

[edit] Contents

Original preface of Shitong

Volume 1

Shitong nei zhi zhi six jia first

Volume 2

Shitong nei zhi di zhi second

Shitong nei zhi zhi yan third

Shitong nei zhi ben ji fourth

Shitong nei zhi zhi shi jia fifth

Shitong nei zhi zhi liang biography

Volume 3

The Seventh Epistle of the Historian

The Eighth Epistle of the Historian

Volume 4

The Ninth Epistle of the Historian

The Tenth Epistle of the Historian

The Eleventh Epistle of the Historian

The Twelfth Epistle of the Historian

The Thirteenth Epistle of the Historian

The Fourteenth Article of the Title of the Historian

Volume 5

The Fifteenth Article of the Historian

The Sixteenth Article of the Historian

The Seventeenth Article of the Supplementary Notes

The Eighteenth Article of the Historian

The Nineteenth Article of the Historian

Volume 6

The Twentieth Article of the Historian

The Twenty-First Chapter of the Speech

Volume 6

The Twentieth Article of the Historian

Shitong Neizhi zhi xianji

Shitong Neizhi zhi xianji

Shitong Neizhi zhi xianji

Shitong Neizhi zhi xianji

Shitong Neizhi zhi zhi xianji

Shitong Neizhi zhi xianji

Shitong Neizhi zhi zhi zhi zhen xianji

Shitong Neizhi zhi zhi zhen xianji

Shitong Neizhi zhi zhi zhi zhi zhen xianji

Inside the Passage of History, the 28th chapter of Mapping

Inside the Passage of History, the 29th chapter of Books

Inside the Passage of History, the 30th chapter of Characters

Volume 9

Inside the Passage of History, the 31st chapter of Nuclear Talent

Inside the Passage of History, the 32nd chapter of Precedence

Inside the Passage of History, the 33rd chapter of Bothering and Saving

Volume 10

Volume 10

Outside the Passage of History

Shitong 外篇

Proofreading notes

[edit] References to books

The next part of 〈國史纵論〉, by Zheng Peihua, Wu Mei-ying, and Lai Hui-xian. p.334-338