Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Traditional culture - What are the characteristics of Yi people's basic necessities of life?
What are the characteristics of Yi people's basic necessities of life?
Yi culture is very rich, which is reflected in all aspects of food, clothing, housing and transportation, weddings and funerals. Among them, the "Flower Arrangement Festival" of festival culture, the "wooden house, straw house and flash house" of folk culture and the "famous wine" of wedding custom culture are all very famous.
(A), food culture
The unique Yi customs and unique regional environment have formed Tan Hua's unique flavor diet, among which the most ethnic foods mainly include whole sheep soup pot and buckwheat Baba. The whole sheep soup pot is dominated by fat black goats. After slaughter, the soup is depilated, and the head and feet of the sheep are cut off by fire, baked on charcoal fire to brown, and the internal bones are broken with a hammer. Finally, even the sheep's blood and stomach are cut into pieces and cooked in one pot. When the fragrance overflows, turn to low heat and cook slowly. When the meat is cooked, you can eat it while cooking. When cooking, you don't put other condiments except salt. When eating, you add Chili, Chili noodles, mint and so on. The advantages of this way of eating are no fishy smell, white soup, strong taste, fragrant meat and rich nutrition. In Tan Huayi's cottage, there will be a large number of whole sheep soup pots in the market every holiday party or mountain road. People who are busy in the street, tired of walking and singing, sit on the pine floor next to food stalls, eat a bowl of soup, taste a glass or two of wine and eat a piece of buckwheat Baba, which is a very pleasant thing. Yi people have special feelings for buckwheat. They think buckwheat is the king of grain. Legend has it that there were no crops in the flood era, and a turtledove flew to Tan Huashan and died. There are two tartary buckwheat seeds in its stomach. People planted it in the ground, sowed it in March, grew up in July, sowed seeds and planted the earliest crops. In the past, tartary buckwheat was once the staple food of Yi people in Tan Hua. Because of its low yield and small planting area, it has become a flavor food for Yi people to entertain guests in the New Year. Tartary buckwheat noodles are nutritious, cool and beneficial to the stomach. Its preparation method is to dilute buckwheat noodles with water, pour them into a hot pot and naturally make cakes with low fire, then bake them in a fire pit or heat them with furnace ash and dip them in honey. Its characteristics are sweet and delicious, endless aftertaste, easy to carry and eat.
(B), clothing culture
The daily clothes of Yi villagers in Tanhua Township are still dominated by traditional Yi costumes. The man was wearing a blue double-breasted jacket, short to the abdomen, with narrow sleeves and two rows of buttons nailed to his skirt. In order to make it rich and varied, sew it into double lines with white thread, and embroider two colorful flowers on the right chest and the two pockets below or tie a lace on the edge of the skirt. Pants are black cloth, fat and short, and some only reach the legs. Wear a pair of cloth sandals sewn with lace and decorated with red and green velvet balls. It is wrapped in a green cloth head and then a black sheepskin jacket. The satchel is a sheepskin satchel, called "Pirigdi". The production of Pirigdi is very particular. It is made of good sheepskin hair removal, repeatedly rubbed with egg yolk and sewn, and some are decorated with leather tassels and beads. In the eyes of the Yi people, owning a shiny dark sheepskin jacket without foreign hair and a well-made "Piruidi" is equivalent to owning a set of brand-name clothes. Women's clothing pays more attention to keeping warm. Generally, the head is covered with blue and black cloth, and there are no other ornaments. There are multiple layers of cloth on the upper body, and embroidered lace on the neckline, cuffs and skirt. In addition to embroidery with colored cloth, there is also very delicate embroidery in the middle of the waist, which is tied around the neck with a silver chain. The ribbon at the back of the waist is made of white cloth or colored cloth embroidered with exquisite patterns, which looks very fresh and beautiful. The back cloth bag is mostly green cloth, and there are also fire grass flannel. The cloth bag is embroidered with your favorite pattern, which is beautiful in style and durable. Wear blue trousers without lace. Embroidered shoes, sheepskin jacket with outer hair. It seems that the whole color is gorgeous and dignified. Necklaces, bracelets, rings, earrings, silver bells, silver medals and silver bubbles are mainly decorated with silverware, and there are also jade ornaments, mostly bracelets and earrings. The embroidery methods of Yi women are divided into flower arrangement, flower piercing, embossing, flower overlapping, flower buckle, needle cutting and applique. There are inlays, flowing edges, locking edges and so on. Patterns are usually made on small pieces of cloth or satin and then sewn on clothes, including flowers, birds and animals, pavilions and figures.
(3) Life culture
Most Yi villages in Tan Hua are built on the mountain, located in the lee, with trees and water, and beautiful environment, which is conducive to the use of firewood and water to arrange life. Generally, twenty or thirty households to fifty or sixty households are one village. The houses in the village are mostly distributed according to the terrain, with scattered heights, simple charm and no fixed pattern. The relatively intact traditional houses of Yi nationality in Tan Hua include wooden cribs, bungalows and straw houses. The construction method is that the four walls are made of logs after trimming and tenoning, which is called wooden crib; The roof is called the flash room, which is paved with bark or boards; The roof is covered with straw, which is called straw house. Some houses are well insulated. Now, because not cutting down trees has become the knowledge of the villagers, the newly built houses are no longer made of wood, bark and hemp stalks, but mud tiles. However, when building houses, people still use the method of piling wood to build houses, and the soil is piled up layer by layer, retaining the unique piling characteristics of Yi houses. Most houses are courtyard-style, the main rooms are occupied by people, and the hatchbacks are mostly used as halls, mills and stables. The main room is generally divided into left, middle and right rooms. The right room is occupied by people, the left room is intercropped with the kitchen, and the middle room is the hall. Generally, there are fire pits in the hall, and the fires in the pond are endless all the year round. Yi people have the custom of worshipping fire and regard the fire pond as a sacred object. Therefore, when you are a guest in the Yi family, you can't cross the fireplace, spit everywhere, or throw dirt into the fireplace. Put iron feet on the fireplace to support the pot, or put down the hanging pot to cook. The hall is a place where families eat, meet guests and hold sacrifices. Above the hall, there are many beds for male parents. In front of the wall directly above the hall, there is a table for ancestor worship. Dig a hole in the wall above the altar and put the souls of ancestors in it. Zuling is generally not allowed to watch. The front of the main house is connected with a mansion that does housework and chores.
(4) Tourism culture
Tanhua Township belongs to a town in the alpine mountain area. Most Yi people live in mountainous areas, and their means of transportation are mainly mules and horses. Every household has one or two mules and horses, which are used to transport production and living materials. Men, women and children can ride mules and horses, and they are stable on the slope.
(5) August in the Yi solar calendar
The solar calendar of the Yi people was dictated by Li (male, born in 1935) in Bimo Village, Xiang. During the period, Professor Liu Yaohan, director of Yunnan Institute of Yi Culture, and Associate Research Fellow Zhu Yuanyuan, director of Yi Ancient Books Office, visited and sorted it out three times in April 1990, July 13 and March 23 199 1.
In August, the Yi people's solar calendar divides a month into twenty days, and a year into eighteen months, plus five days of "memorial day". Every day of a month, every month of a year has its name. The proper term for eighteen months in a year is: 1, and the wind blows the moon; Birds sing the moon in February; March budding month; April blossoms; May birth month; June is a dry month; In July, insects come out of the moon; A rainy month in August; September grass month; 65438+ October Bird's Nest Month; 1 1 Jiangyue rise; 65438+ February insects sing the moon; 65438+ March sunny month; 65438+ April insect-free month; 65438+ May grass withered; 65438+ June leaves set the moon; 65438+ July frost comes to the moon; 65438+August is the holiday month (five days off, exactly 365 days a year). The name of 20 days in a month is: 1, Tian Kai; 2. the day of breaking ground; 3, men open the sky; 4. Women's groundbreaking day; 5. Dark days; 6. Tian Hongri 7. Tian Zi Day; 8, scorching sun; 9. Water cooling day; 10, flood day; 1 1, gourd day; 12, Fuxi Diri; 13, Fuxi Sisters Day; 14, find someone; 15, Wild Bee Day; 16, bee day; 17; Out of the day; 18, the sky is narrow; 19, Guangtian; 20, the ground shrinks.
(vi) Festival culture
There are many traditional festivals of Yi people in Tan Hua, almost every month. In addition to the Yi Year and Torch Festival held by the Yi people, the most representative is the Flower Arrangement Festival held in Tanhua Mountain, Tanhua Township on the eighth day of the second lunar month. There are many legends about the origin of the Flower Arrangement Festival among the Yi people. Among them, there are two most representative ones. One is: According to legend, there was a beautiful Yi girl named Mi Lu Yi in Tan Hua in ancient times. She fell in love with the young hunter Chao Lieruo. Tan Huashan has a brutal local official who tried to occupy Miyi Road. Miilu designed to poison local officials with highly toxic white horse cherry blossom wine, and also gave his young life. Chao Lieruo was deeply saddened by the death of his lover, shed tears and blood, and dyed the cherry blossoms all over the mountain. In memory of this Yi girl who devoted herself to eliminating violence, the local Yi people collected red cherry blossoms on the eighth day of the second lunar month, put them on their heads and put them on the doors to show good luck and happiness. Another legend is that it is said that the "Flower Arrangement Festival" originated in the ancient flood era, and the flood flooded everything, leaving only two brothers and sisters. In order to reproduce, the old scarab married her. After marriage, my sister gave birth to a mass of flesh and blood, and the old man beetle split the flesh and blood with a sword. There were fifty boys and fifty girls in it. The old man threw his flesh and blood on the branch. On the eighth day of February, the flesh and blood that fell on the branches turned into red cherry blossoms, so fifty boys and girls got married under the cherry trees and gradually bred human beings. Later, people in Tanhuashan District designated February 8 as a festival to commemorate their ancestors. At that time, they will gather under the cherry trees and have fun. Then they will take the cherry blossoms home and put them on the ancestral tablets.
The annual "Flower Arrangement Festival" was held at noon 1 in Berlin, the former site of Tan Hua Temple next to the township government. A simple and warm opening ceremony was held at the venue. A cherry tree full of flowers was planted temporarily on the rostrum. Bimo presided over the memorial ceremony of cherry blossoms and selected the female cherry blossoms of that year, followed by folk songs and dances, sports performances and sacrificial chanting. The Yi people who participated in the Flower Arrangement Festival, regardless of gender, age and age, mostly wore national costumes.
(7) Marriage custom culture
Young men and women of Yi nationality have a strange and important place in love-Caolou. "Caolou" is also called "Girls' Room" in other towns and villages in Dayao County. Because of poverty, the thing built on the barn is called "straw house." Girls' rooms or grass houses are generally independent rooms, and the number of beds in each room can be placed at will. Girls can improvise to move or put furniture and appliances according to their own preferences. As adults, Yi girls can live alone in "girls' rooms" or "grass houses", associate with "outsiders" and enjoy their own free love life. From then on, parents don't care what happens in the room. The more boys and girls associate, the more capable and attractive girls are. This interesting way of love has a romantic name "climbing the grass floor" or "string girls' room". The Yi people have their own set of ethics of "hooking up with girls" to restrain their lovers, which is by no means "indulgence" or "one-night stand" imagined by ignorant people. Yi people, like most ethnic groups, are proud of giving birth to their children after openly marrying their families, and despise girls who are pregnant when they still live in "girls' houses". Therefore, both men and women know that a single "girls' room" won't last long. When young men and women think the conditions are ripe, young men will choose a bright and fresh morning, with love as the backing, summon up courage and return to the woman's house early with their lovers. The most common way is to fill the water tank at home quickly and then go out to work with your lover. A few days later, the two moved back to the woman's house and bid farewell to the "girls' room" life. In a few days, I have to go back to the man's house to stay. In this way, we live together and take care of two families. It's usually when you're pregnant that you decide where to live. In their family life, the Yi people in Tanhua Township don't get married noisily or even hold weddings. They think that marriage and love are purely private matters, but they are particularly interested in having children. When the newborn is full moon, all distant relatives and neighbors should be invited to hold a banquet to celebrate. This time is also the best standard for men and women to declare their families and careers.
(8) Mei Ge
Meige is one of the five creation epics of Yi people, and the other four are Zhan and The Foundation of Axi (spread in Yunnan). Aoteyi (circulated in Sichuan); Song of the ancestors of the world (circulated in Guizhou).
Meige is mainly spread among the Yi people in Dayao, Yao 'an and Yongren areas in Chuxiong, Yunnan. Especially in Tan Hua area of Dayao County and Ma You area of yaoan, it has the widest spread and the greatest influence. The word "Meige" is a transliteration of Yi language. Yi language "Mei" means "mouth, singing and speaking"; "Ge" means "past, history". "Meg" means "rap about the past". Among the Yi people in Dayao and Yao 'an, there is a folk song tune called "Meige Tune", which has become a rap form of the local Yi people and gradually evolved into a national genre. As a musical title, "Mei Ge" has many vocals. Meige in Tanhua Township can be roughly divided into two categories, namely Qimeige and Fumeige. Chimei Pavilion is a "sad tune", commonly known as "sad tune" or "ancient tune", which is mostly used for funerals and sacrifices. Mei Zhuge is a well-known song, which is often used in weddings, sowing and harvest festivals. Tan Huaxiang is the main singing place of Mei Ge. The author observed in the street on the market day in Tan Hua Township and found that VCDs with "Meige tune" were sold in all places where audio-visual products were sold. The author stopped to watch for a long time and found that there are still many buyers, but from the age point of view, most of them are middle-aged and elderly people. The author also spent ten yuan to buy two CDs and found that the tapes were recorded by local people themselves.
(9) Religious culture
The religious culture of Tanhua Township is mainly primitive religion. Now there is a site of Tan Hua Temple next to the township government, but after investigation, no Buddhist believers have been found. Tan Huaxiang's primitive religious beliefs include nature worship, animal and plant worship, totem worship, ancestor worship and reproductive worship.
The Yi people in Tanhua Township worship gods, mountain gods, fire gods, land gods, water gods, valley gods, tree gods, kings and Tang fire dragons.
The Yi people in Tanhua Town usually worship heaven in festivals. They built a ceiling in the forest near the village to worship the gods. The statue is a bamboo tube about a foot long, with a sharp top and wool, grass roots and rice grains inside. It means to pray that ghosts and gods will not forget people, livestock, grass and wood on earth, and give sunshine and dew so that people, livestock, grass and wood can make a living; The Yi people in Tan Hua built a temple dedicated to the land god, in which the gods of the land god were enshrined. Every spring sowing or autumn harvest season, the villagers will go to the Tuzhu Temple to burn incense and offer sacrifices to the land god, praying for Mother Earth to bless the bumper harvest. The Yi people in Tanhua Township believe that the mountain is the residence of the gods, the road leading to the gods and the pillar supporting the sky. In the primitive religious concept of Yi people, the mountain is the embodiment of the mountain god, who has the power to support the sky. Among natural gods, mountain gods are the most powerful, and they can subdue all ghosts and evil spirits. The mountain god was regarded as the local protector and built a simple mountain temple. In the temple, stones and branches are used as symbols of mountain gods, and chickens are sacrificed on the first day of the fourth lunar month, praying for the mountain gods to bless the prosperity of people and animals in the village. In the worship of animals and plants, the Yi people in Tanhua Township also worship Hei Hu, and when they worship their ancestors, there is a tiger head hanging on the lintel. Yi people are used to wearing tiger hats and shoes, believing that they can ward off evil spirits and regard tigers as protectors. Among the worship of plants, the most prominent one is the worship of trees. There are ceremonies to worship sacred forests and sacred trees. Its ceremonies generally take pigs, chickens, cows and sheep as sacrifices, and even have strict regulations on the sex and color of the sacrifices. In totem worship, some take tigers and eagles as totems, and some take pine, buffalo, sheep, rock sheep, white chicken, turtledove, roe deer and toad as ancestors' names. Yi people worship their ancestors the most. The ancestor worship of the Yi people in Tanhua Township is manifested in two aspects: First, ancestral tablets are generally dedicated to the five generations, which are put on coffins by the descendants of the five generations and taken to the cemetery for burning. Second, the landlord, the so-called landlord, is a prestigious person in his own village, who has done good deeds for the villagers and is enshrined as a land god after his death. The Tuzhu Temple in Yaguheng Village of Tanhua Township is riding a white buffalo, which is similar to the Tuzhu Temple of Bainiu in Weishan County. Reproductive worship is also very popular in Tanhua Town. There are two strange things on a deep cliff in Tan Huashan. A thick stone pillar with a length of about 1.2 meters protrudes from the wall, which looks like a male genitalia, and a female genitalia protrudes from a fat buttock on the opposite rock. They are sacrifices worshipped by the ancients. For many years, Yi newlyweds, who are not afraid of mountains and roads, bear hardships and stand hard work, carry incense paper and carry sacrifices to pay homage to the reproductive cliff next to Lazayao village in Tan Huashan, so as to protect the health of mother and child and give birth to your son early. Married women who can't have children should turn their backs on everyone and secretly go to the reproductive cliff to pray for God's blessing to have children at an early date.
(10) Yi Opera
The birthplace of China Yi Opera is Tanhua Township, Dayao County. As the founder of Yi drama, Yang Sen founded Tan Hua Caofang Club, the first Yi drama troupe in China. 1957, Tanhua Township Ma Brewery Senior Cooperative is all Yi farmers. Of the 220 people in the village at that time, only two or three learned to write for the first time. 18 students established the ancestor of literature. The propaganda group headed by Yang Sen, the founder of Yi Opera, compiled a short play "Goat Barking at Midnight", which was sung in Yi tunes, exposing the true feelings of stealing sheep and having a great education and influence among the members. The club compiled Shepherd in the Forest. In addition, the masses themselves used "Meg" to publicize the policies at that time. Clubs have blossomed everywhere from scratch, from small to large. 1958 65438+In February, the Ministry of Culture held the "Southwest Ethnic Culture Work Conference" in Dali. After performing at the conference, the Yi drama "Midnight Muttering" and "Young People's Heart" were affirmed by the comrades attending the conference, and the Yi drama represented by "Midnight Muttering" was officially named as the Yi drama.
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