Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Traditional culture - How big is a courtyard?

How big is a courtyard?

The floor plan of a courtyard can be large or small. The house owner can build it according to the size of the land area and the number of people in the family. A courtyard can be as small as one, or as large as three or four, or as wide as two courtyards with cross yards. From the system, many royal palaces and temples are also designed and built according to the layout of the courtyard.

The courtyard

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Overlooking the courtyard

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Overlooking the courtyard

The quadrangle is a traditional form of residential architecture in China, which usually consists of a main house, east and west compartments, and an inverted house enclosing a courtyard on all four sides. The courtyard is usually surrounded by the main house, east and west compartments and inverted houses from four sides, forming a courtyard, hence the name. A siheyuan usually houses a large family and provides a more private courtyard space in accordance with the Chinese tradition of ordering the young and the old, and separating the inside from the outside.

Siheyuan are more commonly built in North China and Northwest China. Beijing is one of the cities where they are most common and most distinctive, so when people talk about them, they are often referring to the Beijing courtyard houses. Beijing maintains many of the streets and buildings from the Yuan Dynasty, including the courtyard houses. Therefore, it can be said that the courtyard houses have accumulated the profound Beijing culture for hundreds of years. When you look down on Beijing from the air, you can see a patchwork of gray-tiled houses surrounding a quadrangular courtyard. The lush green trees in the courtyard embellish the gray houses and provide shade for the people in the courtyard. Beijing's courtyards have now become, along with Beijing's hutongs, a representation of the city's traditional culture and folklore, and a postcard of the city.

Model of a courtyard house

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Model of a courtyard house

The floor plan of a courtyard house can be large or small. The owner of the house can build it according to the size of the land area and the number of people in the family. A courtyard can be as small as one, as large as three or four, and can be built as two courtyards wide with cross yards. From the system, many royal palaces and temples are also designed and built according to the layout of the courtyard.

Besides Beijing, other places in northern China also use the siheyuan as the main form of dwelling. Due to the influence of climate, building materials, cultural traditions and other factors, the siheyuan has different characteristics in different regions. The famous Qiao Family Residence in Pingyao, Shanxi Province, is a Shanxi-style courtyard. More broadly speaking, the courtyard surrounded by kilns on the Loess Plateau is also a kind of courtyard. In addition, the "one seal" in Yunnan and Guizhou and the compound in Northeast China also have similarities with the courtyard, but they are fundamentally different.

Table of Contents

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* 1 History

* 2 Characteristics

* 3 Overview

o 3.1 Gatehouse

o 3.2 Shadow Walls

o 3.3 Inverted Rooms

o 3.4 Screen Doors

o 3.5 Draped Flower Door

o 3.6 Main Room

o 3.7 Compartments

o 3.8 Ear Rooms

o 3.9 Rear Hood

o 3.10 Apron Rooms

o 3.11 Corridors

o 3.12 Courtyards

* 4 Structures

o 4.1 The Garden

* 5 Interior Furnishing

* 6 Major Strengths

* 7 The Courtyard Today

o 7.1 The Courtyard in Modern Life

o 7.2 The Current State of the Courtyard

o 7.3 Preservation of the Courtyard

o 7.4 The New Courtyard

* 8 Touring the Courtyard

* 9 Courtyard in Other Places

o 9.1 Mountain-Shaanxi siheyuan

o 9.2 Sichuan siheyuan

* 10 See also

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History

The architectural specifications of Beijing's siheyuan were initially formed as early as the Liao Dynasty, and then perfected by the Jin, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, which gradually shaped the architectural style unique to Beijing. Nowadays, siheyuan, together with hutongs, is regarded as the symbol of Beijing's urban culture.

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Features

Like those in other provinces, the basic structure of Beijing's siheyuan is a courtyard in the center surrounded by housing on all four sides, but it has its own characteristics in many details. Most of Beijing's hutongs run east-west, and thus most of the courtyards are oriented north-south, a feature that is especially evident in the inner city of Beijing. The courtyard in the center of the Beijing siheyuan is very spacious and square, which is significantly different from that of the Shanxi siheyuan. The four groups of buildings that surround the courtyard are independent of each other, and are only connected by a corridor, which is also a characteristic of the Beijing siheyuan, and in addition, the architectural details such as the gate tower, the shadow wall, and the gate piers all have a strong Beijing characteristic.

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Overview

The so-called siheyuan is a courtyard with houses built on all four sides, four houses and a courtyard in the center.

The formal siheyuan is a house with one or several courtyards. The courtyard is crossed by a central axis. The north house is the main house. The houses in the east and west directions are the compartments. The door of the south room opens to the north, so it is called the "inverted seat room". If a family is in a good financial situation and has a large population, it can build two sets of four-heyen connected to the north and south in front and behind, or even as many as three or four four-heyen. Flowers and trees were planted in the courtyards for ornamental purposes.

There are 13 rooms in a small siheyuan, and 25 to 40 rooms in one or two yards. The houses are single-story. The back wall of the rooms is a courtyard wall, and the corners are then brick walls. The large quadrangle is surrounded by walls from the outside, which are tall and have no windows to show their seclusion.

When an old-fashioned Chinese family lived in a siheyuan, the elderly lived in the north room (the upper room), with a large living room (the center room) in the middle, the eldest son lived in the east room, the second son in the west room, the servants lived in the inverted room, and the daughters lived in the backyard, without interfering with each other.

The design and construction of the old Beijing courtyard house is relatively easy. The materials used are also very simple, do not need steel and cement, only with green bricks and gray tiles, brick and wood combination of mixed buildings, with wooden structure as the main standard structure, light weight. In the event of an earthquake, it is not easy to damage. The overall building color tone gray and green, giving a very simple and comfortable impression.

The main door of the courtyard houses in the surrounding areas, mainly in Beijing, is usually opened in the southeast direction of the courtyard house, not opposite to the main house.

The siheyuan is a combination of many single buildings, including the main gate, the main house, the compartments and so on.

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Menlo

Menlo, also known as the street gate, the house door, is the Beijing courtyard and the outside world to communicate with the passageway, generally built in the southeast of the entire compound in order to take the meaning of "Purple Qi Dong Lai" (also known as occupying the Sundance in the Bagua) according to the owner's status of the different levels of quadrangle of the street gate is divided into the royal family gate, the Guangfu gate, the Guanghua Gate, the Guanghua Gate, the Guangfu Gate, the Guanghua gate, the Guangfu Gate, the Guangfu Gate and the Guanghua Gate. Street door is divided into the royal gate, wide bright gate, gold pillar gate, barbarians door, Ruyi door, wall-style door and other different forms, with the construction of the Western-style architecture of the Yuanmingyuan, in the private sector also appeared a large number of Chinese and Western-style doorway, the people figuratively referred to as the "Yuanmingyuan-style" doorway.

King's gate, as the name suggests, is used for the royal residence, usually three rooms open a door, the gate has a door nail. There are up to 63 nails according to different grades. Guangliang gate and Jinzhu gate are used by the official family. Guangliang gate usually stands a room, the door is set in the position of the mountain pillar; Jinzhu gate specifications slightly smaller, the door is set in the position of the golden pillar. Barbarians and Ruyi gates are used by the general public. The door of the barbarian door is more forward, set in the position of the gable column; Ruyi door usually builds a wall in the position of the gable column, and the door is very small. Ruyi door above the door is usually a brick carving, there are also tiles piled up into a chain, casserole-shaped pattern.

King's Palace Gate (the gate of five, Kaimen three, alcohol Wangfu)

Guangliang Gate (the door frame is set in the position of the center column)

Jinzhu Gate (the door frame is moved forward, set in the position of the gold column)

Barbarian Gate (the door frame is further moved forward, set in the position of the gable column)

Ruyi Gate (in the position of the cornice to build a wall, the wall is open to a small door)

Clear Water Ridge Door

The roof of a gatehouse is usually tiled with two kinds of tiles, namely, tiles and slate tiles (also known as Yanghe tiles), with the former used for formal occasions and the latter used for the general public. There are several kinds of roofs, such as the clear-water ridge and the rolled roof (also known as the Yuanbao ridge). Clear water ridge usually on both sides of the two upward tiles, known as the scorpion's tail, scops owl, towards the sky watts, in the scorpion's tail below the flower bricks. The eaves are located in the location of the Edwardian wall is usually equipped with Bo Feng play a role in protecting the Edwardian wall, Bo Feng can also be carved from the brick.

The sparrow is located between the eaves columns and gable square wooden components, in the mechanics of a certain role, but the sparrow and the three clouds are more of a symbol of officialdom. Usually, only the wide bright gate and the golden pillar gate have the sparrow for

The door hairpin is a wooden structure that fixes the pillar on the threshold of the door, and the big door uses four door hairpins, while the small door uses two door hairpins. The part of the door hairpin exposed outside the door is decorated with the door hairpin cap, which is generally hexagonal with a curve. Door hairpin cap carving is usually engraved with signs of the pattern and text.

The door of the gate has a variety of door panels, the door panels are usually also engraved with the door couplet, more elaborate some of the street door are engraved with the door heart, generally more common couplet is "loyalty and generosity to the family for a long time, the poetry and books to help the world long". Door in the center of the door cymbal, used to knock.

Edge wall is the part of the wall that protrudes beyond the cornice, the pan head of the Edwardian wall (also known as bumping the eaves and pulling the eaves), as well as Ruyi door of the head of the brick carvings are exquisite artifacts. Edward wall clumps up to down is a bump against the eaves, two layers of plucked eaves, lotus piers, appliqués and other components. Ruyi door from top to bottom is the balustrade and lookout columns, ice plate eaves, Lords mixed, Lianzhu, hanging down the board and other components.

Door pier is the door pillow stone is located in the door of the external part, usually box-shaped and hold drum-shaped two kinds of door pillow stone inside a stone nest for inserting the door pivot. Door pier is more characteristic of a component of the door, usually by the Sumeru seat, holding drum or box, and the animal kiss or lion (said to be mythical geibi) several parts. According to the shape of the doorway of the different door piers of different shapes, appearing on the door pier carving is an important study of ancient Chinese social and cultural information, but also a beautiful stone artwork.

In the door is usually accompanied by horse stone and hitching post and other facilities, and some of the Tarzan stone daredevil.

Tubular tile and hook head drip

Yanghe Tile

Clear Water Ridge

Scorpion Tail and Flower Brick on the Clear Water Ridge

Rolled Scaffolding, also known as Yuanbao Ridge

The Sparrow Ridge

Ruyi Door Brick Sculpture

Multi-child and Multi-Fortunate Brick Sculpture (Grapes) in the Mountain Wall

Intrusive Gables on the Courtyard Wall and the Two-tiered Drawing Gables

Flower basket with flower cushion

Bo Feng

Men's hairpin

Men's couplet

Men's cymbal (paved with a head armature ring)

Door guarding iron

Hugging drum-shaped piers

Case-shaped piers

Hexagonal pillar-shaped piers

Lions' piers

Superior horse stone

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Shadow wall

Shadow wall, also known as a wall of illumination, is a wall that is usually used to block the line of sight, beautify the realization and highlight the role of the gate in a siheyuan. In the street outside the gate, facing the location of the gate usually build a shadow wall, known as the outer shadow wall, the outer shadow wall can be divided into independent or non-independent, from the form of a word in the form of three forms and the form of eight; quadrangle of the gate is sometimes set back a few steps in the gate of the construction of the eight-winged wall, known as the bird's-fin shadow wall, skimming the shadow wall. Inside the gate of the courtyard, there is also a shadow wall, usually set in the east room out of the top of the wall, there are also some higher specifications of the courtyard, the use of independent shadow wall.

Shadow wall is usually made of brick, by the seat, the body, the top three parts, the seat of the Sumeru seat, there is also a simple no seat;

The center of the wall body is called the shadow wall of the heart, usually by the 45-degree angle diagonally placed square bricks and become a simple shadow wall may not have any decorations, but must be grinding bricks against the seam is very neat and luxurious shadow wall is usually decorated with a lot of brick carvings of auspicious drawings. Shadow wall wall of brick carvings mainly in the center of the central area and the four corners, in the intersection with the roof also have mixed Lords and Lianzhu. The center of the square brick above one side carved with the center of the flower, fork corner in the center of the shadow wall wall is also inlaid with the word of fortune and longevity of the brick plaques or brick carvings with a taste of good luck,

Shadow wall wall of the top of the general and the roof, although the brick masonry, the top of the shadow wall is also used to carve out the rafters with the bricks, and set up a clear water ridge on the top or the rolls of the roof of the shed ridge.

Outer shadow wall

Skimming shadow wall

Inner shadow wall

Inner shadow wall (Sumeru seat)

Inner shadow wall (roof form)

Exquisite brick carvings in the middle of the shadow wall

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Inverted seat room

Inverted seat room is the most southern row of houses in the entire courtyard, because its doors and windows are all Because of its doors and windows are to the north, the lighting is not good, so it is generally used as a guest room or underlings live in the house. The south side of the street door, the inverted seat room, the north side of the hanging flower door and the corridor **** with the surroundings of the courtyard of the courtyard, the front yard is the master of the meeting place of the office, through the hanging flower door is the inner house, that is, the living area of the courtyard.

In the elaborate home, connecting the inner and outer house of the hanging flower door also has a movable wooden wall, actually is a screen, usually this screen is not open, daily in and out are walking around the sides of the screen, only when the guests come to the master will open the screen to welcome the guests.

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Panel door

Panel door is the door you encounter when you turn left after entering the main door.

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Pendant Flower Gate

Pendant Flower Gate in Guo Moruo's Former Residence

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Pendant Flower Gate in Guo Moruo's Former Residence

Pendant Flower Gate, also known as the Second Gate, opens on a partition wall between the inner and outer courtyards, and is situated in the central axis of the courtyard. The outer gable of the door is not erected from the ground, but is suspended on the horizontal wood of the center column, called the pendant column, and the lower end of the pendant column has a pendant bead, which is usually painted in the form of a flower petal, and is therefore known as the pendant flower door. The door is a richly decorated building in the courtyard.

The inner part of the door is connected with the veranda

Draped Lotus Pillar

The roof of the door is usually of the rolled shed type, or one hall and one rolled type, i.e., the door is of the clear-water ridge type outside, and the door is of the rolled shed type inside. Pendant door has two doors, one is in the position of the center column, open during the day, closed at night; the other is in the position of the gable column, usually closed, play a role in isolating the inner courtyard line of sight is called the screen door. Pendant door into the inner courtyard is through the pendant door on both sides of the gable columns and columns in the space between the entry and exit, usually connected with the copy of the porch.

The old saying that the daughters of large families "the door does not go out, two doors do not open," means not to open the Pendant Gate.

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The main room

The main room of a siheyuan is usually three rooms, while the main room of a large siheyuan can be five to seven rooms, facing south and north, and is the residence of the head of the family. The central room is called the hall, and the three-room main house is flanked by bedrooms and studies. The main house is characterized by the ability of the sun to shine into the house in winter, keeping it warm in winter and cool in summer.

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Compartments

The east and west compartments were housing for the descendants of the family, and the west compartment was generally honored as the east compartment, and the east compartment was inferior, so there was a subtle difference between the heights of the east and west compartments in the building, with the west compartment slightly higher and the east compartment slightly lower, but because the difference was very subtle, it was difficult to see it with the naked eye. The compartments are generally three rooms

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Ear room

The two rooms on either side of the main house are lower than the height of the hall, and the layout is quite similar to a person's ears, so it is called the ear room. If the courtyard is long and narrow, the compartments usually have ear rooms as well, usually with flat roofs, hence the ear rooms in the compartments are called box-roofs.

Drainage holes in the box-roof

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Rear-hooded rooms

Rear-hooded rooms were usually the innermost inlet of the yard, close to the boundary of the courtyard, and were usually inhabited by the owner's daughters.

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Skirt house

The skirt house is usually a row of houses on the east or west side of the yard.

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Corridors

Corridors in siheyuan are covered buildings used for walking when it rains or snows. Corridors are divided into two types: gable corridors and verandahs, the former being the covered corridors in front of the main rooms and compartments, with the roofs usually extended by the eaves; and the latter being the verandahs along the walls (cribbing verandahs) and the corridors connecting the main rooms with the compartments (through-the-hill verandahs). Some of the gable corridors and copyist corridors were sealed up with windows and became indoor environments called warm corridors

Gable corridors

Copyist corridors

Walking through the mountain corridors

Climbing through the mountains corridors

Warm corridors (outside)

Warm corridors (inside)

Dream of Red Mansions contains the following description of Lin Daiyu's first entry into the Jia House: "All the grannies step down and follow to a hanging flower door and fall down. The boys quit, the grannies came up to play up the sedan chair curtains, help Daiyu out of the sedan chair. Lin Daiyu holding the hand of the mother-in-law, into the hanging door, on both sides of the copious corridors, in the middle of the hall, the local put a rosewood shelf marble large screen. Turned through the screen, a small three room hall, behind the hall is the back of the main house compound. The front five upper rooms, all carved beams and paintings, on both sides through the mountain corridor rooms, hung with various colors of parrots, painted eyebrows and other birds."

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The courtyard

The courtyard, the courtyard of the inner house has a north-south cross-shaped canals, most of the households in old Beijing will be planted trees in the yard, in addition to pine, cypress and poplar trees, etc. because of a variety of cemeteries in the graveyard can not be planted, a variety of other trees are planted in the past, there is a proverb in Beijing, "Sang Song cypress, cypress, pear, acacia, do not go into the house King's house," said the taboo of planting trees in the courtyard. More common flowers and trees are begonias, lilac trees, jujube trees, pomegranate trees and so on. In addition, the folk have the custom of raising fish, more than one meter in diameter with a large tank with a variety of colors of goldfish or planted with a bowl of lotus, not only to beautify the courtyard and the role of fire prevention. In addition to the main courtyard, often also form some small courtyard, such as the courtyard between the ear room and the room, the courtyard west of the inverted seat room and so on.

The basic form of the multi-entry courtyard is the same, except that there are more moon gates or hanging flower gates on both sides of the main house connecting the courtyards of each entry.

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Structure

Floor plan of a three-entry courtyard

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Floor plan of a three-entry courtyard

The depth of the siheyuan is related to the planning of the city, with the maximum depth being the distance between two hutongs, which is about 77 meters. The complete Beijing courtyard is divided into a front yard and a back yard, the back yard is also called the inner house, the front yard is surrounded by a gate tower, inverted seat room and a veranda, the connection between the front and back yards is usually a pendant flower gate, some relatively simple houses use a moon gate, some small courtyard simply has no front yard, and it is the yard directly after entering the street gate. The basic building unit of the inner house is a courtyard surrounded by houses on all sides, each such building unit is called a courtyard, small siheyuan consists of only one courtyard, while the large siheyuan often has three or four courtyards or even side courtyards, and some of the more luxurious courtyards even have gardens and rockeries. Some of the larger courtyards have gardens and rockeries. Some of the larger courtyards are at the end of the whole courtyard, and there is a back cover for the women to live in. Some of the higher specifications of the courtyard also has a toilet, these built-in toilets are generally arranged to the southwest corner, but most of the residents in the hutongs toilet most of the "official toilet" that is now said to be the public **** toilet.

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Gardens

Bigger courtyards usually have gardens

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Interior furnishings

China

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Center

The main room of the courtyards is the place where the head of the family lives, and the main room is called the zhongtang, the bright room in the center. The center room (i.e. the middle room) of the main house is also called the "Zhongtang". Usually in the center of the bright room, an eight-immortal table is placed, two chairs are set on both sides of the table, and a painting and two banners are hung on the wall, or four paintings are hung in the middle hall.

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Main Advantages

The courtyard has many advantages, such as the privacy that the courtyard gives people, the corridor gives people a kind of transition between indoors and outdoors, and so on.

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Today's siheyuan

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The siheyuan in modern life

The siheyuan basically fulfilled the needs of a family's life in the past, when the two-entry siheyuan and the larger ones were usually the residences of the officials and gentry. Today, on the one hand, siheyuan basically do not have sanitary facilities such as water and heating, in addition, with the development of technology, the emergence of automobiles, air conditioning and other equipment, it is difficult for the original siheyuan to meet the needs of modern life, on the other hand, such as the four generations of the same family as the big family is also relatively rare, the rich family is usually willing to buy a villa in the suburbs of the convenient transportation, instead of living in the urban areas with high population density. So whether the courtyard as a residential house still has value has been a matter of debate in recent times.

Some people believe that the east room is not good for living, so the courtyard houses were built without the east room, which is a corridor running from north to south. Some of the newer courtyards have basically taken into account the location of the garage, and some have built two-story structures underground, including underground swimming pools, and some have glassed in the verandahs and coping corridors to make the corridors indoor, making it more comfortable to walk around without being affected by the weather.

Besides some courtyards that have become large miscellaneous yards, some well-preserved courtyards have usually become office space for companies and organizational units, losing their residential significance. Some even run hotels in the courtyards, such as the Good Garden Hotel in Shi Jia Hutong and the Friendship Hotel in Hou Yuan En Temple.

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Situation of courtyard houses

The courtyard houses were originally designed for one family. But for well-known reasons, after the founding of New China, especially after the Cultural Revolution, with the original owners of the siheyuan being knocked down and copied, and the housing pressures of that era, the siheyuan was forcibly taken over, or redistributed to multiple families. Since they were not adapted to multiple households, families built kitchens, storage rooms and other buildings in the courtyards, and the siheyuan was reduced to a large miscellaneous courtyard.

The fact that the courtyard no longer belongs to a single family, as well as poor maintenance, has resulted in the emergence of many dangerous houses in Beijing's old city. In addition to the problem of dilapidated buildings, there is also the problem of outdated infrastructure in the old city, as well as the problem of housing pressure caused by population growth, the Beijing Municipality began a project to renovate the old and dilapidated buildings (referred to as the dangerous housing reform), the government combines the dangerous housing reform with the housing reform, and the introduction of real estate developers to carry out commercial development.

The courtyard is filled with huts

Dilapidated and dilapidated courtyard

The vaguely visible pendant flower gate has long since lost its luster

The shadow wall inside the gate has been covered by the huts

Electricity meter installed inside the gate

An iron fence has been installed again outside the wide-open bright gate

In addition to this, an encrypted road network was put in place, Widening roads, building more green areas and other projects are squeezing the living space of the courtyard. Since then, the courtyard houses have been demolished in pieces, and even those that have been preserved have become isolated islands in the modern city, surrounded by high-rise buildings.

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Protection of courtyards

Currently, traditional courtyards are disappearing at an accelerated rate, so some cultural figures are campaigning to preserve these important cultural heritage. No. 112

* No. 23, Article 6, Xisi North Street, Xicheng District

* No. 11, Article 3, Xisi North Street, Xicheng District

* No. 19, Article 3, Xisi North Street, Xicheng District

* No. 15, Former Communal Hutong, Xicheng District

* No. 63-65, Article 6, Dongsixi, Dongcheng District

* No. 129, Lishi Hutong, Dongcheng District

* No. 129, Lishi Hutong, Dongcheng District No. 129

* No. 11 Neiwu Bei Street, Dongcheng District

* No. 7 Hou Yuan En Si Hutong, Dongcheng District

* No. 2 Guoxiang Hutong, Dongcheng District

* No. 15 Fangjia Hutong, Dongcheng District

* No. 36 Fu Xue Hutong, Dongcheng District (including No. 136 Xiao, Jiaodaokou South Street)

* No. 20 Xinkai Lu, Chongwen District, and others.

There are also many other courtyards listed at the Beijing and district and county levels, but due to pressure from real estate developers, the government has not published a list of these protected courtyards, so that many of the courtyards with high conservation value have already disappeared under the bulldozers of developers.

Many courtyards have been demolished in the name of relocation, such as the King of Guo's Mansion at 45 Mengduan Hutong.

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Newly built courtyards

With the preservation of the old city center, many new courtyards have been built, some with concrete structures and some with antique wooden structures, but due to the loss of the construction techniques, the newly built courtyards have lost a lot of their standard in terms of their system and craftsmanship.

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Touring the courtyards

Touring Beijing's hutongs and courtyards has become one of the city's unique tourist attractions. However, the vast majority of the courtyards are dormitories and flats, which refuse to be visited. Some of the former residences of celebrities that are open to the public have become the main way to get to know the courtyards.

* Mao Dun's former residence is located at No. 13, Yuan En Temple Hutong after Jiaodaokou.

* Lu Xun's Former Residence, located in the courtyard of Lu Xun Memorial Hall, No. 21, West Article 3, Fuchengmennei.

* Lao She's Former Residence, No. 19, Rich Hutong, Dengshikou West Street, Dongcheng District.

* Guo Moruo's Former Residence, located in Qianhai West Street, Shichahai.

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Quadrangles elsewhere

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Shan-Shaanxi quadrangles

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Sichuan quadrangles

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