What are the main regulators of plant membrane phase regulation? What is the biological significance

Introduced list of basic biological properties of high school biology knowledge of biological metabolic action of **** same material and structural basis

Stress ...... /> growth, development, reproduction

heredity and variation of

Organisms can adapt to a number of environments and environmental biomass has the basic components of the influence of proteins and nucleic acids.

Proteins are the main bearers of life activities.

Nucleic acids are carriers of genetic information.

The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of an organism.

Metabolism is the general term for all the living fine ordered chemical changes.

Metabolism is the basis of all life activities of an organism.

The development of biology is divided into three stages:

Descriptive biology, experimental biology, molecular biology, cellular theory" - biology, physics, reproduction and development laid the structure for basic research;

"Origin of Species" - the impetus for the development of modern biology played a great role in the development of biology.

"Origin of Species" - played a huge role in the development of modern biology;

Mendelian double-helix structure of DNA;

Development of biological sciences, bioengineering, medicine, agriculture, energy development and production of vaccines for the environment - the core of the genetic engineering of

Cotton, petroleum grass, living superbugs;

Biological material basis for the activities of living creatures, the basis of the materials commonly used for the production of
chemical elements in the body.

Chemical elements in the body, the content of the various chemical elements vary greatly. Massive elements, trace elements

Compounds of the material basis for the life activity of the organism

Classification.

Chemical elements can influence the life activity of an organism. The

Biosphere and abiosphere have uniformity and differences

Compounds of water, inorganic salts, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

Water - free water, bound water

Inorganic salt ions play an important role in maintaining the life activities of organisms.

Sugars - monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides.

Fats - fats, lipids, steroids

Free water inside cells is a good solvent for transporting nutrients to individual cells.

Maintains intracellular osmotic pressure and acid-base balance imbalance, cellular form, function.

Organism composed of carbohydrates, an important part of the cell's main energy substance.

Stored energy in the body of fatty substances, reduce body heat loss and maintain a constant body temperature, reduce visceral friction, buffer external pressure.

Phospholipids form an important part of cell membranes.

Sterols - cholesterol, vitamin D, sex hormones maintain normal metabolism and reproductive processes.

Proteins and nucleic acids proteins and nucleic acids macromolecular materials.

Proteins are important? Organic compounds of all life activities of the cell can not be separated from proteins.

Nucleic acids are carriers of genetic information.

Protein structure: the type, number, and arrangement of amino acids, and the spatial structure of peptide chains.

Protein function: catalysis, transport, regulation, immunity, recognition

Chromosomes are the main carriers of genetic material. The

Basic Unit of Life - The Cell

The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of an organism.

Cell structure and function of the cell eukaryotes, prokaryotes

Cells have a very fine structure and complex automatic control functions. Can only maintain the integrity of the cell and can accomplish normal life.

Cell membrane structure: fluid mosaic model - phospholipids and proteins.

Basic skeleton: is

Sugar: the structure of the phospholipid bilayer of proteins + polysaccharides.

Cell wall: cellulose, pectin function: mobility, selective permeability

Selective osmosis (benzene): free diffusion, active transport

Active transport: ensures that the basis of the life activities of living cells need to selectively absorb the required nutrients and eliminate metabolic wastes and harmful substances.

function of sugar: protection and lubrication determined

cellular matrix - nutrients

cytoplasmic matrix is the main metabolic meeting place of living cells.

The structural basis on which the cell accomplishes its functions and units.

Mitochondria are the main site of aerobic respiration in living cells.

The cell in which chloroplasts photosynthesize is the site.

Endoplasmic reticulum - smooth: synthesis and transport of lipids, carbohydrates

Rough surface for the processing of glycoprotein synthesis

Golgi body ribosomes play on

Vesicles certain regulatory role in the intracellular environment, which allows the cell to maintain a certain level of osmolality and swelling state.

Structure of the nucleus: nuclear membrane, nucleolus, chromatin

Nuclear membrane - selectively permeable membrane, but not a semipermeable membrane

Chromatin - DNA + proteins

Staining mass and chromosomes cellular morphology and function of the material and two distinct periods:

Nuclear pore - exchange of material between the nucleus and cytoplasmic pore.

Nucleus the place where the genetic material is stored and replicated, and is the center of control of the genetic properties of the cell and the metabolic activity of the cell.

The nucleus plays a decisive role in life activities.

The main feature in prokaryotic cells is the absence of a nuclear membrane around a typical nucleus. The

Cell wall contains cellulose, carbohydrates and proteins.

Complex organelles, but dispersed ribosomes.

Proposed nucleus bare DNA

Cells are relatively small

Methods of cell proliferation: mitosis mitosis and meiosis. Cell proliferation organism growth, development, reproduction, genetic basis.

Mitosis cell cycle mitosis eukaryotic cell division. The

somatic cell mitosis is cyclic and also exists

difference between animal and plant cell cycle mitosis: prophase, end of different types of cells, a cell cycle time.

Characteristics of interphase: completion of DNA replication and protein synthesis.

Significance: maintains stable genetic traits.

Cell differentiation only cell proliferation, cell differentiation, the body can not carry out normal growth and development.

Cell differentiation occurs throughout the life cycle of the organism, embryonic stage in the maximum degree of lasting change.

Changes in cell stability are irreversible.

Totipotency: highly differentiated plant cells still have the potential to develop into whole plants. The cells with the strongest totipotent capacity are stem cells that begin to divide;

a fertilized egg has the highest totipotency.

Cells that are cancerous are aberrantly differentiated.

Carcinogenic factors: physical, chemical, viral.

Transformation into active tumor cells, caused by suppression of proto-oncogenes. Characteristics: unlimited proliferation, changes in morphology, membrane changes.

The process of cellular senescence is complicated by physiological and biochemical changes in the cell and ultimately reflected in the changes that occur in cellular morphology, structure, and function. Characteristics: reduced water, weakened metabolism, reduced enzyme activity, impediments to

Pigmentation intracellular communication and information transfer of substances;

Respiration slows down, the volume increases, chromatin concentration deepens staining and decreased transport of substances.

Chapter Metabolism of Organisms

Metabolism based on biological performance (genetic variation for economic growth and development) fundamental characteristic of life. The basic biological properties of metabolism are the most essential difference between living and nonliving things.

Enzymes are living cells, a class of biocatalytic organic substances (proteins, nucleic acids) characterized by: efficiency, specificity.

Requires appropriate conditions: suitable temperature and pH

Adenosine triphosphate ATP is the direct source of energy required for metabolism.

Pathways of formation: animals - respiration

Plants - photosynthesis, respiration

Formation: very small amount of ADP + PI ATP cells, but the conversion is very fast, always in dynamic equilibrium.

Photosynthesis significance: In addition to converting solar energy into chemical energy and is stored in the manufacture of sugar and other organic substances through photosynthesis, as well as maintaining a relatively stable atmosphere of oxygen and carbon dioxide content, but also biological evolution has an important role. After the appearance of cyanobacteria on Earth, gradually the Earth's atmosphere contains oxygen.

Precondition for aqueous metabolism:

The difference in concentration between the two sides of a semipermeable membrane permeable solution.

Protoplasmic layer: cell membrane, vesicle membrane, cytoplasm between the two membranes. Transpiration water uptake and transportation of mineral elements forces.

Mineral ions in the form of dental roots absorbed by the metabolism of mineral elements.

Plant uptake of water and mineral element uptake are relatively independent processes. Use forms of mineral elements: nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium

Calcium, iron

The three basic in nutrient metabolism? The source of nutrition is food.

Sugars: the food of sugar is starch.

Lipids: the vast majority of foods are fats.

Protein synthesis, amino acid conversion deamination

Concerns: abnormal sugar regulation, obesity problems, dietary compatibility.

The only rational choice of food and develop good eating habits to maintain health and ensure the body's metabolism, normal growth and development of such vital activities.

Resynthesis of glycerol fatty acids from fat.

The amino acids contained in animal foods are more complete than those contained in plant foods.

The three major nutrients that are interconnected and constrain each other. They can be transformed between them, but? Conditional, but there are significant differences in the degree of conversion.

Homeostatic systems of the environment and internal environment: circulatory, respiratory, digestive, and urinary.

includes: extracellular fluids (plasma, tissue fluids, lymphatic fluids)

the endo-environment is the immediate cellular environment in the body.

Physical and chemical properties within the environment, including: homeostatic temperature, PH value, osmotic pressure

: in the nervous system and the regulation of body fluids, the body's various organs and systems of the coordinated activities of the work of the body *** with the maintenance of a relatively stable state of the internal environment. The external environment only through the exchange of substances in the internal environment of the body's cells.

Stabilizing meaning: the body's metabolism by many complex intracellular enzyme reactions and enzyme reactions need to be carried out in moderate external conditions, must be maintained in a suitable range of enzymatic reactions can be carried out normally.

Respiration classification: aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration

Aerobic exercise and no? aerobic respiration in the cytoplasmic matrix.

Anaerobic respiration site is the cytoplasmic matrix

Life activities of organisms require energy supply in the sense of the role of respiration: the energy supply for the respiration of the life activities of the organism; respiratory processes provide raw materials for the synthesis of other compounds in the body.

Metabolic assimilation

Metabolic autotrophic: photoautotrophic, autotrophic

Heterotrophic

Aerobic

Oxygen exhaustion

Chapters on the activities of the regulation of life

Basic forms of regulation of plant life activities hormonal regulation

Basic forms of neuromodulation and humoral regulation of the regulation of the activity of life in animals. . Neuromodulation predominates.

Plant Directional Movement Directional movement of external stimuli in a single direction in plants.

Plant isotropic movement plant isotropic movement the ability to adapt to the external environment.

Other hormones: gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene.

The process of plant growth and development, rather than being regulated by a single hormone, is coordinated and **** co-regulated by multiple hormones. Growth hormone is a plant hormone, first discovered.

The duality of growth hormone, the concentration of growth hormone and the type of physiological role of plant organs.

Polar transport of growth hormone, transport from the upper end of the form.

Application to promote rooting of cuttings, promote fruit development, resistant flowers and fruits.

Animal - body fluids humoral regulation: the passage of certain chemicals through the body fluids, regulating physiological activity in humans and animal bodies.

Hormonal regulation humoral regulation.

Feedback regulation: synergistic and antagonistic effects.

Hormones are often kept at a relatively stable level in the blood, normal feedback regulation. The hypothalamus is the body's hub for regulating endocrine activity.

Changes in cellular metabolism and hormone regulation play a role.

Growth hormone and thyroid hormone, regulation of blood sugar.

Animal - Nerves regulate the regulation of life activities through neural regulation.

Basic form of neuromodulation - reflexes.

Structural basis of reflex activity - reflex arc

Form of excitation conduction - of nerve impulses.

Excitatory conduction: conduction of nerve fibers, cell-to-cell transmission

Neuromodulation reflex way to achieve; humoral regulation of the body regulates hormones through the blood circulation. Hormones secreted by the most secretory glands of the body control of the central nervous system can affect the function of the nervous system. Reflective activity - unconditioned reflexes conditioned reflexes.

Conditioned reflexes that increase an animal's ability to adapt to complex environmental changes.

Neural center - analysis and synthesis of

Nerve fiber conduction - potential changes in behavior formed through the action of bidirectional

Cells - synapses, unidirectional

Animals - animal behavior **** with the role of the regulatory nervous system, the endocrine system, and motor organs.

Behavioral hormonal, neuromodulatory control.

Inborn behavioral orientation, is instinctive, unconditioned reflexes

Acquired behavior:

Individual animals, imitation, conditioned reflexes to establish the main way of acquiring sexuality: conditioned reflexes <BR / animal sexuality acquired by the most advanced form: judgment, reasoning

Higher animals behavior is mainly by complex learning. The dominance of the regulatory role for the nervous system. Direct contact between

hormones and sexual behavior.

The secretion of pituitary gonadotropins promotes gonadal development and the secretion of sex hormones, which affects animal sex.

The most instinctive behaviors are more complex than reflexive behaviors. (Migration, web weaving, lactation)

Life experiences and learned behaviors that shape determinism.

Judgment, reasoning learned.

Learning primarily involves the cerebral cortex.

Reproduction and development of organisms

Reproduction asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction produces offspring with greater viability and variability of genetic traits with their parents, survival and evolutionary biological significance. Monocotyledons: corn, wheat, rice and

Dicotyledons: legumes (peanuts, soybeans), cucumbers, capers

Meiosis and fertilization in which the number of chromosomes in the cells of the body of the offspring of each organism remains constant before the role of heredity and variation.

Individual development begins with the fertilized egg and progresses to the sexually mature individual.

Plant individual development begins with the formation of flower buds to mark reproductive growth. Fertilized egg fertilized pole nucleus does not sleep after a short period of hibernation

stalk produces hormone-like substances that promote HPF. always

Animal Individual DevelopmentEmbryonic development, postembryonic development

Pigmented animal poles face upward to ensure the temperature conditions necessary for embryonic development.

Biological development is short-term and rapidly repeating kinships. In reptiles, birds, and mammals, amniotic membranes are structured early in embryonic development to ensure the required embryonic development, buffer and protect the aquatic environment, and enhance the ability to adapt to the terrestrial environment. Explore:

The

Heredity and Mutation

Genetic material basis of DNA conversion factor → Conversion factor is DNA → DNA is the genetic material → DNA is the genetic material → DNA is the main genetic material

DNA replication is a side-replicating deconvolution enzyme. For

Copy - semi-conserved replication.

The nature of a gene is a

The genetic effect of a gene DNA fragment determines the basic unit of biological traits.

Control of genetic traits:

1 By controlling the synthesis of enzymes that control metabolic processes;

2 By controlling the structure of the protein molecule, which directly affects the basic unit of the DNA composition of deoxyribonucleotides.

Chromosomes are the main carriers of genetic material.

DNA molecular structure of the double helix structure of DNA

Principle of base complementary pairing

Different base arrangements that form the DNA diversity of organisms diversity and specificity of the cause. The

DNA double helix structure and the principle of base complementary pairing to ensure precise and accurate replication, maintaining genetic continuity.

Various organisms utilize the same set of genetic code. The

Central dogma written.

Traits controlled by multiple genes.

Biological variation is not hereditary is not a change caused by the body

Hereditary genetic material of gene mutation, genetic recombination, chromosomal aberrations

The polyploidy cause of the somatic cells in mitosis chromosomes to complete the replication, but subject to external influences that disrupt the formation of the spindle, which doubles the pair of chromosomes. Genetic mutation is the ultimate source of biological variation, the initial raw material for biological evolution.

The process of sexual reproduction through recombination provides an extremely rich source of biological variation, and it is one of the most important reasons for the formation of biological diversity.

Polyploid breeding has increased nutrients, but development is delayed and less strong.

Haploid breeding obtains pure line varieties in a very short period of time, greatly reducing the breeding year.

Eugenic measures, prohibition of consanguineous marriages, genetic counseling, reproductive age, prenatal diagnosis.

Biological evolution

Basic unit of evolution ----- population

Substance of evolution - changes in gene frequencies of populations

Mutations and genetic modifications are designed to produce the raw materials for biological evolution, and do not determine the direction in which it will proceed.

Natural selection determines the direction of biological evolution.

Reproductive isolation between different populations does not allow for genetic exchange. Genetic mutation and genetic recombination are the raw materials of biological evolution;

Natural selection determines the direction of biological evolution;,

Isolation of new species is a necessary condition.

Ecological factors of organisms and environment

Abiotic factors of light: light plays a decisive role in the physiology of plants and distribution.

Light is evident in animals. (farming activities)

Temperature:

Temperature distribution of aquatic organisms growth and development: an important factor in the distribution of terrestrial organisms determines. Biological Factors

Interspecific Relationships:

Interspecific Relationships within Species Struggles of Mutual Benefit*** Biology, Parasitism, Competition, Predation

Population Characteristics:

Population Density, Birth and Mortality Rates, Age Structure, Sex Ratio.

Quantitative changes: "J" curve "S" curve.

Changes in meaning: rational use and conservation of wildlife resources, control of pest populations. Changes in population: climate, food, predation, factors affecting infectious diseases.

Effects of human activities on the nature of population change.

Vertical structure of biomes, horizontal structure of

Structure of ecosystems

Components: nonliving matter and energy, producers, consumers, decomposers.

Components - food chain,

A producer of a food web of fixed solar energy is the flow of total energy through the system. In

Energy flow is characterized by: unidirectional flow, decreasing from level to level

Matter circulation and energy flow along the food chain network.

Correspondingly, the realization of multi-level utilization of energy, thus greatly improving the efficiency of energy use.

Energy flow and material cycling are the main functions of ecosystems.

Ecosystem stability ecosystems are able to automatically adjust to certain limits.

Ecosystems that tend to have an inverse relationship between stability and flexibility of resistance. Simpler ecosystems are composed of simpler trophic structures, automatic adjustment? ability to regulate, low resistance to stability.