Knowledge of ancient literature

The first part of pre-Qin literature (36 hours)

Overview (1 class)

1, the scope of pre-Qin literature.

2. The beginning of China literature; Primitive ballads and ancient myths; Myth is an encyclopedia of China's childhood and the earliest treasure in China's literary heritage.

3. China's first collection of poems, The Book of Songs. As the source of ancient realistic literature, The Book of Songs is of pioneering significance in terms of literary expression objects and techniques.

4. The social changes and the emergence of "a hundred schools of thought contend" in the Warring States period promoted the prosperity of prose. Historical prose and

There are many excellent essays by hundred schools of thought, and many famous writers come forth in large numbers, which laid a solid foundation for the development of China's prose.

5. Qu Yuan is the first great poet in the history of China literature. The excellent poem represented by Li Sao is full of lofty thoughts and feelings, patriotic passion and the magical color of romanticism, which opens up the fine tradition of romanticism in China.

Q: What is the general situation of pre-Qin literature?

Chapter 1 Ancient Myth (2 hours)

1, Myth and the Generation of Myth. Marx believes that myth is "a natural and social form processed by unconscious artistic methods in people's fantasies." The emergence of myth is closely related to the productivity level and thinking ability of primitive people; The modes of myth production usually include labor production and religious activities.

2. The content of myth. Ancient myths in China are very rich and complete, including the myth of the formation of the universe, the myth of the origin of mankind, the myth of heroes, the myth of floods, and all kinds of descriptive myths about the types, habits and forms of gods.

3. Myth art and its national characteristics. Ancient mythology is the embodiment of primitive romanticism, which expresses primitive people's understanding and imagination of nature and society by exaggeration and fantasy. China myth has its distinctive national characteristics. In content, it eulogizes endless creative spirit, shows indomitable tenacious pursuit, eulogizes indomitable dedication spirit, has positive romantic spirit, and is full of artistic color and fantasy.

4. The significance and influence of myth.

Question: 1. What are the contents and characteristics of ancient myths?

2. What is the relationship between ancient myths and primitive religions?

Chapter II Zhou Dynasty Poetry and Book of Songs (13 class hours)

1, ancient proverbs, incantations and the formation of Zhou poems. Before the Book of Songs, China's ancient poems had a long history of development. Ancient proverbs and ancient curses are two main forms of early poetry, and they are also the predecessors of Zhou poetry. The Zhou Dynasty was a period of great prosperity for China's ancient poetry. Besides The Book of Songs, there are many poems preserved in Zhouyi and Zuozhuan, which can be compared with The Book of Songs.

2. The system and compilation of the Book of Songs. The Book of Songs contains 305 poems from the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period. It is divided into three parts: wind, elegance and praise. The area with 300 poems includes all or part of today's Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Hebei, Hubei and Shandong provinces. Some are folk songs, and some are created by noble literati. Most authors' names no longer exist. In the past, there were different opinions about the compilation of the Book of Songs, among which the most influential ones were the theory of offering poems, the theory of collecting poems and the theory of Confucius deleting poems. Nowadays, many people think that the compilation of The Book of Songs was jointly completed by the imperial court, local governors and musicians. The Book of Songs was only called the Book of Songs in the pre-Qin period, and it was regarded as a classic by Confucianism after the Han Dynasty.

3. An overview of the classification of The Book of Songs. (1) Zhou tribal epic; (2) political satire; (3) Poetry; ④ Farming poems; 5 love poems; 6 miscellaneous poems. The Book of Songs is a reflection of all aspects of social life in the Zhou Dynasty, and the lives and feelings of people from all walks of life in the Zhou Dynasty are confirmed in the Book of Songs. Some show the growth history of Zhou people; Some show the anxiety or dissatisfaction of nobles, literati, petty officials, ordinary people and even social and political slaves; Some show the noble life of rites and music and Yan's enjoyment, entertainment and holiday celebrations; Some show the social reality that small countries and small officials can't control, and attack the uneven work and rest; Some show the agricultural production of Zhou people; Some show the sweetness or misfortune of love and family marriage; Some describe the social problems of abandoned women in Zhou dynasty; Some reflect the relationship and friendship between family, clan and friends. In a word, The Book of Songs shows all aspects of social life in the Zhou Dynasty from many aspects, and it is a masterpiece of realism.

4. Artistic achievements of the Book of Songs. ① The realistic artistic features and skills of The Book of Songs; (2) Artistic means of narration, reasoning, lyricism, scenery description and discussion; (3) The sentence patterns and rules of The Book of Songs; ④ The language art of The Book of Songs; ⑤ Fu Bi's technique of prosperity in The Book of Songs.

Thinking question: 1, what are six meanings, four beginnings, Mao poems, four-character poems and changing the wind into elegance?

2. What is the main content of The Book of Songs?

3. What are the main artistic features of The Book of Songs?

4. What is the concrete embodiment of Fu Bixing's artistic technique in The Book of Songs?

Chapter III Pre-Qin Historical Prose (5 hours)

1, the basis of the development of pre-Qin historical prose. Great social changes; A new atmosphere in the field of ideology and culture; New requirements of social development for the style of history books.

2. Historical prose from Yin Shang Dynasty to Spring and Autumn Period. Oracle Bone Inscriptions and bronze inscriptions are the origins of the ancient Chinese prose system; Zhouyi is a book of divination, and it also shows certain historical content; Shangshu is the earliest history book to remember words. Spring and Autumn Annals is the earliest chronological historical memorabilia.

3. Zuo Zhuan. Author of Zuo Zhuan; The style and content of Zuo Zhuan; The Art of Zuo Zhuan: Although Zuo Zhuan is a historical work, it is full of literature. Its narrative pays attention to story and drama, and the plot is tense and moving. It is good at writing about wars, especially the battles of Chengpu, Ji Lang, Yao Yao and Changshao, which are clearly described, complete from beginning to end and changeable. Zuo Zhuan is especially good at writing pedestrian rhetoric.

4. "Mandarin". The style and content of Guoyu; The art of Guoyu: The achievement of Guoyu is far less than that of Zuozhuan, but there are some excellent chapters with humorous dialogue, vivid stories and meticulous characterization.

5. Warring States policy. The style of the Warring States Policy; The writing process of Warring States Policy; The content and art of the Warring States Policy: The Warring States Policy reflects the thoughts of strategists in the Warring States Period and depicts a vivid image of strategists. The book objectively describes the tactics and intrigues of politicians and strategists, and also records and praises some people with political foresight, persistence in justice and fear of violence and their vivid deeds. The Warring States Policy likes to use exaggeration, metaphor and fable in art, and the characters and stories are full of humor. Language style is arbitrary, and the use of parallelism makes the language strong. In addition, the rhetoric is gorgeous and vivid, and the language ability is improved and developed compared with the previous historical prose.

Thinking: 1. An analysis of Zuo Zhuan's achievements in describing the war.

2. An analysis of the language style of Warring States Policy.

Chapter IV Prose of Pre-Qin philosophers (5 hours)

1, the rise of a hundred scholars. The formation of the situation of "a hundred schools of thought contend" in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period is closely related to the rise of the scholar class. Taxis transformed from various social classes have become the most important figures in politics, thought and education, among which "Nine Schools and Ten Schools" have a complete ideological system and become the representatives of a hundred schools of thought contending.

2. Military strategists and early Taoist aphorisms prose. The layout features of Sun Tzu's Art of War: the language features of Sun Tzu's Art of War: Laozi's thoughts; Lao Tzu's aphorism prose.

3. The Analects of Confucius. Confucius' thoughts; The language art of The Essence of The Analects of Confucius: the description of characters' personalities and voices in The Analects of Confucius.

4. Mencius and Zhuangzi. Mencius' thought; The characteristics of Mencius' argument; The language art of Mencius: the fable art of Mencius: Zhuangzi's thought; Romantic Features of Zhuangzi's Prose: Zhuangzi's Fable Art.

5. On the essays Xunzi and Han Feizi. The art of reasoning in Xunzi: the fable art of Han Feizi.

Thinking: 1. On the debating skills of mencius' prose.

2. A brief analysis of the romantic style of Zhuangzi's prose.

Chapter V Qu Yuan and Chu Ci (10 class)

1, Chu culture and the emergence of Chu ci. The social and political background of Chu; The relationship between the emergence of Chu Ci and Chu folk music: the relationship between the emergence of Chu Ci and Chu witchcraft culture; the relationship between the emergence of Chu Ci and Central Plains culture.

2. The life of Qu Yuan and the authenticity of his works. In his early years, he became a leftist, and the contradiction with the old forces of Chu nobles led him to seize the manuscript, be exiled to the Northern Han Dynasty, and then let him go to the south of the Yangtze River and sink down. Qu Yuan's work Han Shu Literature and Art Record records 25 articles, some of which may be forgeries.

3. Rondo of the mind-Li Sao. Li Sao is Qu Yuan's masterpiece and a long autobiographical political lyric that shines through the ages. The whole poem profoundly shows Qu Yuan's political ideal and its contradiction with the old forces of Chu, and pours out his psychological pain and hesitation. His ardent love for his homeland and unremitting pursuit of ideals have become the righteousness of the world. Li Sao has a strong romantic spirit, passionate emotions, high style and magnificent colors. He is also good at skillfully using the materials of myths and legends to gallop the imagination, among which "Parade of China" has become a classic chapter of this kind of description in ancient China literature. The metaphor of vanilla beauty also has a great influence on later poems, epics and ancient poems.

4. Exile and Wandering Suite-Chapter 9. Editing and naming of nine chapters; The content of nine chapters; Nine chapters analysis: nine chapters art.

5. Sacrifice to God Suite-Nine Songs. The content of "Nine Songs"; The art of nine songs.

6. Qu Yuan's other works and their influence. Tian Wen, Evocation and others.

7. The evolution of Chu Ci and other writers. Song Yu and his Nine Arguments and Feng Fu, etc. The influence of Chu Ci on Han Fu.

Question: 1. What is the reason for the emergence of this new poetic style of Chu Ci?

2. What is the unique style of Chu Ci? How to be a man?

3. Similarities and differences in artistic styles between Li Sao and Jiu Ge.

The second part of Qin and Han literature (24 hours)

Overview (1 class)

1, Qin Shihuang unified the long-divided China in 22 1 BC, but it died in less than fifteen years. Qin's achievements in literature are not much, only Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals before reunification and Li Si's exhortation to expel guests are slightly commendable.

2. The Han Dynasty was one of the most powerful feudal dynasties in China. In the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, China was the largest, richest and strongest country in the world at that time. However, the luxury of the rulers and the expansion of the outside world have made the people pay the price of "wasting the ocean and halving the population". At the end of the Han dynasty, social contradictions were extremely fierce, and uprisings and riots continued everywhere. The background of this era has a great influence on the development of China literature. The main achievements of the Han Dynasty are 19 essays, Han Fu, Yuefu poems and ancient poems.

3. Sima Qian's Historical Records and Ban Gu's Hanshu are representative works of historical biographies of the Han Dynasty. In particular, Historical Records is the originator of biographical history and one of the most outstanding prose works in China literature. Political papers in the Han Dynasty were also quite developed, including Jia Yi and Chao Cuo in the early Han Dynasty, Huan Kuan in Xuan Di, Wang Chong and Zhong Changtong in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

4. Han Fu is a new style. It is mainly developed on the basis of Chu Ci, and its style is between poetry and prose. Form is characterized by the question and answer between subject and object, and it is good at narration. Although the content of Han Fu mostly praises the Han Empire, there is no lack of irony. Stylistically, Han Fu had a great influence on the literature of the Six Dynasties.

5. Yuefu poems in Han Dynasty are mainly the works of the people at the bottom. Most of them are "hungry people sing about their food, and laborers sing about their things." Their style is simple, they are good at narration, and their five-character form has a great influence on literati's five-character poems.

6. Five-character poems gradually matured after the Eastern Han Dynasty, which had a great influence on the history of poetry. Nineteen Ancient Poems is the representative work of five-character poems by literati.

Question: 1. What is the general situation of literature in Han Dynasty?

Chapter 1 Prose and Ci Fu in Qin Dynasty and Early Western Han Dynasty (3 hours)

1, Qin dynasty literature. Qin's achievements in literature are not much, only Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals before reunification and Li Si's exhortation to expel guests are slightly commendable. On the style of Lu Chunqiu: the fable art of Lu Chunqiu: the stylistic significance of the book of admonition.

Jia Yi and Prose in Early Han Dynasty. Jia Yi's life; Three Types of Jia Yi's Prose: Chao Cuo's Prose.

2. Western Han Fu writers. The origin of Fu; Sao Ti Fu —— Taking Jia as an object: Mei Cheng, the founder of San Ti Doctor, and his seven hairs; Sima Xiangru, the representative writer of San Ti Doctor, and his Zi Xu Fu and Shang Lin Fu; Fu writers in the Western Han Dynasty still have harmony.

Thinking: 1. Briefly describe the three stages of the development of Han Fu.

2. How to evaluate the three great wealth?

Chapter II Sima Qian and His Historical Records (6 hours)

1, the life of Sima Qian. He was born in a historian's family, and his youth had a family history, memorizing ancient prose, history, spring and autumn, etc. Three wanderings in youth and middle age broadened his knowledge, and he also took the opportunity to collect a lot of rumors about the legacy, which was of direct help to him in writing historical records. When I started writing Historical Records, I was troubled by Li Ling. Later, I became angry from embarrassment, wrote a book, and finally finished this great historical work.

2. About historical records. The style of Historical Records; The purpose of writing historical records; Historical view in Historical Records.

3. The ideological content of biographies in Historical Records. How to choose the master of historical records; How to write historical records and pass them on to the master; Ideological tendency of biographies of Historical Records.

4. Historical authenticity and literary artistry of Historical Records biography.

5. Literary achievements of Historical Records biography. Historical Records is vivid in narration and description. On the basis of historical facts, materials can often be tailored to highlight the mental outlook and personality characteristics of characters. The article is magnificent and lyrical. And often use the historical events in the book to write resentment and pour their feelings. Mr. Lu Xun once praised Historical Records as "a historian's swan song, leaving Sao without rhyme".

6. The position and influence of Historical Records in the history of literature.

Question: 1. What is the relationship between Sima Qian's life and the writing of Historical Records?

2. On the ideological content and artistic achievements of Sima Qian's historical prose.

3. How are the methods of praise and mutual understanding expressed in Historical Records?

Chapter III Prose and Cifu in the Eastern Han Dynasty (2 hours)

1, Ban Gu and Hanshu. The style of Hanshu; The ideological and artistic achievements of Hanshu: a comparison between Shi and Han.

2. Prose of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

3. Ci and Fu in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Thinking: 1. How to evaluate the ideological and artistic achievements of Hanshu?

2. What famous prose writers and works were there in the Eastern Han Dynasty?

3. What was the general situation of Ci and Fu in the Eastern Han Dynasty?

Chapter III Folk Songs of Han Yuefu (8 hours)

1. About Yuefu. The organization and task of Yuefu; Changes in the meaning of Yuefu.

2. The ideological content of Yuefu folk songs. (1) works that show rich life; ② Anti-war works; (3) works that show the lives of farmers and citizens; 4 works that express love and family life. Yuefu folk songs are "from sadness to joy", and most of their authors are in a low position, so they have the characteristics of "hungry people sing about their food and laborers sing about their things" Both the luxury of the upper class and the plight of the lower class can be seen from the singer's own eyes, thus reflecting the distinctive civilian color and realistic spirit.

3. The artistic achievement and influence of the folk songs of Han Yuefu. Typical events or some scenes with multiple themes; The system of narrative poems is full of dramatic monologues and dialogues, and people with certain personality characteristics; The poetic style is free and rambling, with five words as the main part and miscellaneous words as the clip; The language style is simple and natural.

Question: 1. What is the ideological value of Yuefu folk songs?

2. On the artistic features of Yuefu folk songs.

3. What is the significance of Yuefu folk songs in the history of poetry development?

Chapter III Origin and Development of Five-character Poems (4 hours)

1, the origin of five-character poems. First of all, it appeared in the folk songs of the Han Dynasty. The earliest five-character poem written by literati is Ban Gu's Ode to an Epic, and Zhang Heng, Qin Jia and Zhao Yi all wrote five-character poems. Compared with four-character poems, five-character poems have more advantages in expressing objects and are easier to reproduce the cadence beauty of poetic style.

2. Nineteen ancient poems. Nineteen Ancient Poems represents the highest achievement of literati's five-character poems in Han Dynasty. It reflects the pain of parting and lovesickness of scholars and the depression and sadness of frustrated official career in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Its artistic feature is that it is good at expressing deep feelings in plain and elegant language.