Brief introduction to the achievements of ancient architecture in China

In the world architecture system? China ancient architecture is a system with a long history and independent development. The system was initially formed in the Yin and Shang Dynasties at the latest more than 3,000 years ago, with elegant style and exquisite structure.

The development of ancient architecture in China has roughly experienced seven periods: primitive society, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, Qin and Han Dynasties, Three Kingdoms, Southern Jin Dynasty, Sui and Tang Dynasties, Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, and Ming and Qing Dynasties. Until the 20th century, it always maintained its own unique structure and layout principles, and spread and influenced other countries.

First, from the structural point of view, the characteristics of ancient buildings in China can be summarized into seven items:

(1) Taking wood as the main building material, creating a unique wood structure can not only meet the actual functional requirements, but also create beautiful architectural forms and corresponding architectural styles.

(2) Maintain the framework principle. Columns and vertical and horizontal beams are combined into various forms of beam frames, so that the load on the upper part of the building is transferred to the foundation through the beam frames and columns. The wall only plays the role of enclosure and separation, and does not bear the load.

(3) Create a bucket structure. Bucket made of vertically and horizontally stacked short timber and bucket-shaped square timber is a transitional component between columns and beams, and gradually develops into an integral structural layer between upper and lower column grids or between column grids and roof beams, which is an ingenious form of wood structure in ancient China.

④ Standardization of single building. China ancient palaces, temples, houses, etc. It usually consists of several separate buildings. Regardless of the scale of a single building, its outline is composed of three parts: the step foundation, the main body of the house and the roof. Below is the step foundation made of masonry, which supports the whole house.

Standing on the step foundation is a house with wooden columns as the skeleton and doors and windows partitions installed inside; Above it is a wooden roof truss, which makes a soft and elegant curve and extends around the house, and is covered with blue-gray tiles or glazed tiles. The plane of a single building is usually rectangular, and it can also be square, octagonal and round in special use.

Ornamental buildings in gardens can adopt fan-shaped, zigzag and circular planes. Roof forms include Yunnan, Xie, Ding, Hanging, Hard, Pyramid and so on. Each form can be divided into single eaves and double eaves, and then can be combined into more forms.

⑤ Pay attention to the plane layout of buildings. Its principle is introversion, multi-level and striving for balance and symmetry. Except for some buildings, such as towers, bell and drum towers, etc. Single buildings rarely show all the outlines. Each complex has at least one courtyard, and at most several or dozens of courtyards. The combination is diverse and the levels are rich, which makes up for the shortage of single building stereotypes.

The plane layout adopts the principle of left-right symmetry, with houses around and courtyards in the middle. The combination forms are all developed according to the central axis. Only the plane layout of the garden adopts the principle of free change.

⑥ Flexible arrangement of space layout. Indoor partitions are movable structures, such as fans, doors, covers, screens, etc. , easy to install and disassemble, can be arbitrarily divided and replaced at any time.

Courtyard is a unity of mutual utilization with indoor space, which also provides conditions for building to create a small natural environment. You can plant trees and flowers, stack mountain pools, set up arbor flower stands, and some have cloisters as a transition between indoor and outdoor spaces to increase the interest of life.

⑦ Use the means of color decoration. The beam-column frame of wood structure building needs to be painted on the wood surface and other anti-corrosion measures, which has developed into a unique architectural oil decoration and color painting in China.

Mineral pigments such as cyan, green and vermilion are often used to draw colorful patterns to increase the aesthetic feeling of buildings. Wooden decorative components, with colorful embossed decorative flat chess decals and various rhombic lattices made of wooden strips, are practical and decorative masterpieces. After the Northern Wei Dynasty, colorful glazed tile roofs, arches and zhaobi made the building brilliant.

Second, from the perspective of traditional culture, the characteristics of ancient architecture in China can be summarized into five aspects:

There are few real architectural theories. The emergence of architecture as a discipline is a modern thing. What guides the development of architecture is abstract philosophical theory, established moral norms and concrete political system.

(2) The traditional Confucian etiquette is the main idea guiding architectural creation, supplemented by metaphysics and geomantic omen.

(3) Full of China people's realistic attitude towards life. The concrete performance is not to seek the long-term existence of the building, but to meet the practical functional needs as the starting point. The standardization and generalization of architectural forms, the use of a structural type of building can meet the needs of multiple functions.

④ Standardized architectural individuals should express their individuality through the combination of architectural spaces. The arrangement of architectural groups is the essence of traditional architectural art, which embodies the rational thinking mode of combining time and space and the affinity between man and nature everywhere.

⑤ Represent a specific theme by symbolic means. It expresses artistic conception in gardens, world outlook in religious buildings and political system in palace buildings. Some decorative components and sketches, even single buildings, have become a symbol with fixed significance.

Extended data

architectural style

China has been a unified multi-ethnic country since ancient times. The natural environment and climatic conditions in the areas where these ethnic groups live are different, and the building materials produced in different areas are also different.

Therefore, they have created different buildings from generation to generation according to natural conditions and possible materials, according to different needs and habits in production and life, and formed their own architectural practices and styles in the long-term development.

In the northern loess area, the ancients used the characteristics of loess, or built walls with adobe or rammed earth to build houses or caves as living areas. Later, bricks and tiles were fired from loess, making it convenient and durable to build a house.

In the south, the climate is humid and rainy, so people use bamboo and wood as building materials to build houses to live in. Southwest minority areas are located in the subtropical zone, and bamboo and wood are often used to build pole-column buildings. There is little rain and drought on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the temperature difference between day and night is large, so many thick-walled flat-topped bunkers have been built. In Mongolia, tent houses (yurts) are built according to the habit of nomadic people living on aquatic plants, which is easy to dismantle and move.

Islamic architecture in the west likes to use pointed arches. In a word, people of all ethnic groups in ancient times built their own buildings with different national styles according to natural conditions and possible local building materials, and according to their own lifestyles and needs. * * * enriched the content of ancient architecture in China, and * * * made its own contribution to the development of ancient architecture of the Chinese nation.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Ancient Architecture in China