The main types of palindromes

In the history of China, there are four main types of palindromes: square-back simple style, stick figure combination style, positive and negative ""style and one-stroke continuous writing style.

(1) square-back haplotype The square-back haplotype is the most common and representative form of palindromes.

This type of square palindrome is formed by a central point extending outward from a line with a neat horizontal and vertical turn, and then the independent units are arranged intermittently in two or four directions, creating a sense of continuous circulation through the outward extension of the lines, and repeatedly creating a sense of spatial flow with the square palindromes of the units. This type of palindrome began to appear in Majiayao culture and was widely used in bronzes and pottery in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. In the Song Dynasty, due to the influence of retro atmosphere, square-backed simple palindromes often appeared on porcelain and inkstone in the Song Dynasty. Porcelain in Yuan Dynasty continued this decorative style.

(2) Stroke combination, as the name implies, refers to the pattern that palindrome strokes are reduced and recombined. Therefore, the overall composition of reduced pen palindrome and square palindrome is different, mainly reflected in the number of words.

This type of palindrome reduces the number of circles of circular lines, making the decorative style of the pattern regular and simple from the previous density and contraction, and the overall feeling of the pattern tends to be simple and natural. In addition, the constituent units of the combination palindrome and the simple palindrome have also changed greatly. Comparing these two modes, we can clearly see that the composition of palindrome has changed from an independent monomer to a new combined monomer, and then the new unit is used for intermittent bidirectional continuity. Most of the palindromes with brush reduction appeared on jade articles in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and the palindromes on lacquerware in the Han Dynasty continued this neat and concise style.

(3) positive and negative ∽ 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70%

The positive and negative palindromes "∽" reverse the palindromes of one of the stroke-reducing combinations to form a "∽" style, which makes the composition of stroke-reducing combinations diversified. It can be seen that only on the basis of reducing the combination of strokes, a little change has been made to the ∽-shaped structure, but the decorative style of the pattern has immediately changed from simple and solemn to smooth and lively and dynamic. ∽-shaped palindromes mostly appear on jade and porcelain in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

(4) The difference between a chain palindrome and the above three types of palindromes is that it is made up of uninterrupted lines in one go and goes back and forth.

The lines of the serial palindromes are more regular and rigorous, and the thickness of the lines is uniform as a whole. This kind of palindrome consists of neat lines turning repeatedly, which makes the spatial dynamic feeling created by lines more flexible and smooth, and makes the viewer have a cyclical and uninterrupted decorative feeling. This palindrome type began to appear in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty and lasted until the end of Qing Dynasty.

From the change of palindrome style, we can see that different forms of the same pattern bear people's aesthetic psychological needs in different historical periods. After defining the main types of palindromes, we will study the relationship between palindromes and vortex lines, Yun Leiwen lines and stolen lines, which will help us better understand the signifier characteristics and signified connotation of palindromes.

Palindrome is one of the typical geometric traditional patterns in China, and its orderly and rational turn adds a delicate and solemn stroke to the history of Chinese traditional pattern art. Palindrome originated from the vortex pattern on pottery unearthed from Majiayao cultural site in Neolithic age. The palindromes on Shang and Zhou bronzes laid the most mainstream aesthetic style of that era. The palindromes in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Warring States Period developed a new model. The palindromes in Song Dynasty reflected the rational regression psychology of the society at that time.

The conciseness and regularity in palindrome style constitute the unique external outline of palindrome. Its concise modeling method determines that palindromes have strong vitality, and the regular and orderly outline framework strengthens the visual tension of patterns. On the basis of simple structural framework, palindromes have developed various changes in styles, such as square-back single style, reduced pen combination, positive and negative "←" style and one-line style. The evolution of palindromes actually reflects the social life and aesthetic thought of that era from one side. The research on the signifier characteristics and signified connotation of palindromes can reveal the aesthetic concept of patterns in China's traditional decorative arts, and better interpret the profound humanistic connotation behind the language symbols of traditional decorative patterns.