Characteristics of Nanjing's geographical environment, history, culture and customs.

Nanjing is located in the hilly area of Ningzhen in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, with latitude 3 1 14÷-32 37÷ and longitude118 22 ÷-19 6538. Nanjing is bordered by the rich Yangtze River Delta in the east, the hills in southern Anhui in the west, the Taihu Lake water network in the south and the vast Jianghuai Plain in the north. 380 kilometers away from Haikou, the Yangtze River, the "golden waterway", passes through the territory with a wide water depth, and 10,000-ton seagoing ships are unimpeded all the year round. This is a natural port with good rivers and oceans.

Nanjing has a subtropical monsoon climate with four distinct seasons, long winter and summer, and short spring and autumn. Rainwater and light energy are abundant, and the annual average temperature is 65438 06℃. The highest temperature in summer can reach 38℃; The lowest temperature in winter is 8 degrees below zero. Average annual rainfall 1 17 days, rainfall1106.5mm; The frost-free period is long, with an average of 239 days a year. The rainy season is from late June to mid-July every year.

Nanjing now governs 13 districts and counties, including 6 urban areas, 5 suburbs and 2 counties, namely Xuanwu District, baixia district, Qinhuai District, jianye district, Gulou District, Xiaguan District, Pukou District, Qixia District, Yuhuatai District, Jiangning District, Lishui County and Gaochun County in Liuhe District.

The flowers in Nanjing are plum blossoms, and the trees in Nanjing are cedars.

History:

Nanjing is an ancient and civilized city. As early as 350,000 years ago, there was the footprint of "Nanjing Ape Man" here, and 6000 years ago, modern people had been farming and living here. In 472 BC, after the destruction of Wu by Gou Jian, the King of Yue, a "Yuecheng" was built on the trunk of the southwest corner of the present Zhonghua Gate, which was the beginning of the construction of Nanjing City. In 333 BC, Chu Weiwang was defeated and established "Jinling City" in Shishishan, which was the beginning of Nanjing's administrative system, hence the name Jinling. In 229 AD, Sun Quan proclaimed himself emperor in Wuchang, and moved his capital here in September, calling it Jianye, which was the beginning of Nanjing's capital. In 3 17 AD, Si Marui, the king of Langya, established the Eastern Jin regime with Wu Dong as the center, which was called Jiankang. Since then, Song, Qi, Liang and Chen have successively made Jiankang their capital, which is known as the Southern Dynasties in history, and Nanjing has the reputation of "the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties". In 937, Nanjing became the capital of Southern Tang Dynasty and was called jiangning house. 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, proclaimed himself here and made Nanjing his capital, which was the beginning of the establishment of Nanjing. This is the first time that Nanjing has become the national capital. 1853, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom established its capital here and changed its name to Tianjing. 19 12 On New Year's Day, the Republic of China was founded, and Dr. Sun Yat-sen was appointed as the interim president of the Republic of China in Nanjing until April of the same year. 1927, Nanjing was the capital of the National Government. At this point, * * * has established Nanjing as the capital of ten dynasties, so it is called "the capital of ten dynasties".

There are many names of Nanjing, which are rare not only in China, but also in ancient capitals around the world. According to historical records, there are more than 40 place names built at or above the county level in past dynasties, such as Jinling, Moling, Jiangcheng, Hushu, Jianye, Jiankang, Jiangning, Baixia, Shangyuan, Qing Ji, Yingtian and Tianjing.

From 65438 to 0949, Comrade Mao Zedong commanded "One Million Lions Crossing the River", which liberated Nanjing and made it a special city of the Central People's Government. 1 953 65438+1October1,Nanjing merged with the administrative regions of southern Jiangsu and northern Jiangsu to form Jiangsu Province, with Nanjing as its capital. Starting from 1990, the State Council decided that Nanjing should be a city under separate state planning, giving it the economic management authority equivalent to the provincial level. 1993 the central government decided to cancel the separate planning of provincial capital cities, so the separate planning of Nanjing was cancelled. 1February, 1994, with the consent of the Central Committee and the State Council, the Central Organization Establishment Committee made it clear that the administrative level of Nanjing was sub-provincial.

Economy:

Nanjing is an important comprehensive industrial production base in China. Nanjing ranks second among domestic cities in terms of electronic and chemical production capacity, third in terms of vehicle manufacturing scale, leading in technology and scale of machinery manufacturing, and leading in large household appliances and building materials industries. Nanjing is an important transportation and communication hub in East China. It has established an omni-directional, three-dimensional and large-capacity transportation network, five modes of transportation such as railway, highway, water transport, air transport and pipeline, and a modern communication system. Nanjing is one of the four scientific research and education centers in China, an important base for higher education and scientific research in China, and has a number of first-class universities and scientific research institutions in China. It is listed as one of the "Top 40" cities in China by nine ministries and commissions. It has been awarded the titles of "Top 50 Cities", National Garden City, China Excellent Tourist City, National Advanced City for Revitalizing the City by Science and Technology, National Model City for Supporting Both, National Excellent City for Comprehensive Improvement of Urban Environment 10, National Advanced City for Scientific and Technological Progress, National Environmental Protection and National Health City.

According to preliminary accounting, in 2006, the city's regional GDP reached 277.4 billion yuan, an increase of 15 1% over the previous year at comparable prices. Among the city's GDP, the added value of the primary industry was 8.2 billion yuan, an increase of 4.1%; The added value of the secondary industry137.4 billion yuan, an increase of15.7%; The added value of the tertiary industry131800 million yuan, an increase of 15.2%. The per capita GDP was 39,379 yuan (calculated by the resident population), with an increase of 10.9%. In 2006, the ratio of added value of three industries was 3.0: 49.5: 47.5. The proportion of private economy in the city's economy is 34.8%, and the proportion of non-public economy is 40. 1%.

Celebrity:

Nanjing has been a place where celebrities gather since ancient times. Cao Xueqin, the author of A Dream of Red Mansions, was born in Jiangning Weaving Institute (now Nanjing) in the 50th year of Kangxi (177 1). Wang Changling, one of the most famous poets in the Tang Dynasty, was born in Nanjing. Wang Xizhi, a great calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and his son's ancestral home in Linyi (now Linyi, Shandong Province) were born in the noble family of Wang in Wuyi Lane, Nanjing. Zu Chongzhi (born in Nanjing), a great scientist with world influence, is best at mathematics and astronomy. His research on the garden perimeter ratio was earlier than that calculated by European scientists 1000. In modern times, many people have made outstanding contributions, such as Wu Jinglian, a famous economist, and Wu, an academician of the two academies.

Places of interest:

Nanjing, the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties, has both the bustling and lively Shili Qinhuai River and the elegant and quiet Confucius Temple. There are both the majestic Yangtze River Bridge and the beautiful scenery of Zhongshan. It not only witnessed the heroic spirit of millions of heroes crossing the river, but also recorded the tragic Nanjing Massacre. As a city with an important position in ancient and modern history, there is a long story behind every stone in Nanjing.

Exercise:

A large number of world-famous athletes have emerged in Nanjing. Luan Jujie won the women's individual foil championship with 184 at the 23rd Olympic Games, becoming the first Asian to go down in history in Olympic fencing history after 1896. 1987- 1989, Yang Yang won the world badminton championship, world badminton cup and 15 Thomas cup, and was regarded as one of the four great kings of badminton in the world at that time. National women's volleyball champion Zhao, gymnastics world champion Xiao Qin, badminton Olympic champion and world champion have made remarkable achievements in their respective projects.

Traditional frugality

Since ancient times, Nanjing has been the capital of ten generations. "The cultural relics in the clothes are rich in the characteristics of southeast and urban atmosphere, with profound cultural connotations, revealing a bit of elegance, heroic, feminine and harmonious.

the Spring Festival; Chinese New Year

It used to be called New Year's Day, commonly known as Chinese New Year. People in Nanjing will sweep the court, put lanterns, hang decorations, wear new clothes and hats, put up Spring Festival couplets and set off firecrackers during the Spring Festival.

People in Nanjing put up Spring Festival couplets or door gods on the door of the New Year, and scholars put up a picture of a chicken on the door, which means "a chicken is getting stronger every day". This is not available elsewhere. On the first morning, you must drink Tu Su wine. In the Song Dynasty, Wang Anshi knew jiangning house three times as a prime minister. In the poem, he recited: "The firecrackers are one year old, and the spring breeze sends warmth into Tu Su." This custom began in the Southern Dynasties. For thousands of years, Nanjing people have been drinking it, and formed a set of rules: when the sun rises, they should face the east and "drink from less to longer." Young people drink first, old people drink later, and advance in the morning sun. In the morning, relatives and friends will pay New Year greetings. When the guests arrived, they put their hands together and treated each other with tea. Also presented two gold ingot eggs, called "gold ingot". Now people meet in the New Year, wish each other "Congratulations on getting rich", offer tea and cigarettes, and treat each other with fashionable cakes.

the Lantern Festival

The fifteenth day of the first month is the night of the first full moon in the lunar year, which is called Yuanxiao. Night is synonymous with Xiao, so it is called Yuanxiao. The Lantern Festival started from offering sacrifices and gradually evolved into a grand, warm and colorful entertainment festival. In ancient times, it was one day, and in the Tang Dynasty, it was sixteen to eighteen and three days. The Song Dynasty lasted from 14 to 18 and 5 years; When Zhu Yuanzhang was emperor in Nanjing in the Ming Dynasty, he extended the Lantern Festival to ten days, that is, from the eighth day to the seventeenth day. Food has also changed from eating bean porridge to tasting Yuanxiao (glutinous rice balls). In Nanjing, there is a custom of "putting lights on Lantern Festival and leaving lights on noodles".

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Lantern Festival in Nanjing had the custom of playing with dragon lanterns and hanging gauze lanterns. Playing dragon lanterns is not only played by ordinary people, but also by soldiers. Playing dragon lanterns is not as long as in other places. It's more than ten feet short and more than a hundred knots long, and it takes hundreds of people to play. Yarn lanterns have yarn and silk, and celebrities paint on them. The more experts, the higher the value. Merchants will also hold solve riddles on the lanterns activities in front of the store to attract many tourists, and the winners will be rewarded for the goods they sell. There is a kind of "lantern" pioneered by Nanjing people, which is covered with lanterns and lit with candles inside. Based on the principle of air thermal expansion, the lamp surface is driven to rotate, and horses in various postures are drawn on the lamp surface, which is the gallop of Malik. Joseph Needham, a British scholar, called it an invention of ancient people in China. The dragon lanterns are magnificent, the gauze lanterns are exquisite and colorful, and all kinds of things compete with each other, attracting guests to stay in the city for a long time, singing and laughing. "In the bright moon under the shadow of silver candle, everyone is stepping on a lamp." In recent decades, the lantern festival in Confucius Temple has become more and more prosperous, with new technologies, new materials and acousto-optic electric control, which are varied, vivid and dazzling. Lantern Festival lasts for one month from the Spring Festival. During the period, it attracted 200,000 to 300,000 tourists from all directions every day.

Tomb-Sweeping Day went for a spring outing.

Since ancient times, Tomb-Sweeping Day has been paid attention to by the imperial court and the people because of the custom of sweeping graves to worship ancestors. At that time, people will go to the grave to sweep, sprinkle water, burn paper, dig grave hats and insert willows to express their feelings of self-cultivation and remembrance. He also brought refreshments to visit the door of the grave keeper's house, and the grave keeper also stayed for tea and rice, calling each other "grave relatives."

At this time, it is beautiful spring, and men and women can go to Niushou Mountain, Yuhuatai Mountain and Meihua Mountain in the suburbs to "drown their sorrows by drinking, which is called an outing". There is a saying called "Spring Bull Head".

In recent years, Niushou Mountain has been renovated, adding scenic spots and connecting with the newly developed Jiangjun Mountain nearby, making it an excellent place for tourists to enjoy the natural scenery in the countryside. In addition, Yuhuatai in the south of the city and Meihua Mountain in the eastern suburbs are also places frequented by tourists. Over the past decade, Meihua Mountain has built a 10,000-mu plum garden and held an international plum blossom festival. Every spring, the flowers are in full bloom, the clouds are steaming and the fragrance is floating, and men and women are side by side, intoxicated in the fragrant snow and lingering.

Tour Qinhuai on Dragon Boat Festival

The fifth day of May in the summer calendar is called Dragon Boat Festival, also known as Duanyang. On this day, Nanjing people like to eat zongzi and mung bean cakes, as well as "fried five poisons" (fried with whitebait, shrimp, leek and black dry goods), amaranth and male soybeans, and drink realgar and calamus wine to avoid disaster. Washing your eyes with sun-exposed water is called "broken eyes", which means you can avoid eye diseases for a year. Acorus calamus and Folium Artemisiae Argyi are also used to sprinkle water on the ground and then insert it on the lintel to "eliminate disasters". Hanging the statues of Zhong Kui and Five Poisons (toad, poisonous snake, scorpion, centipede and gecko) engraved by the alchemist, "exorcise ghosts and avoid evil spirits". Children hang five-color silk winding around their necks, and salted duck eggs are filled in the winding; The arm is tied with a silk sash made of five-color silk, named "longevity rope", wearing tiger-headed shoes and a tiger-headed hat, and the word "king" is painted with realgar wine on his forehead. Women also put colorful tiger flowers on their temples.

After lunch, the whole family went to Confucius Temple to watch the Qinhuai River Dragon Boat Race. Jinling has dragon boat "three gangs", river gang, river gang and wooden gang. There are so many dragon boats on such a large scale that they are rare elsewhere. Each boat is decorated with colorful kites; There are children in costumes playing all kinds of games online. When the boat passed by, people on the river bank threw silver horns, copper coins or let geese and ducks fly, taking the dragon boat race as fun. It was called "winning the bid" and the male and female ants gathered on the shore. Luo Qi was like a cloud, gongs and drums were loud, and cheers thundered. Wealthy families also booked cruise ships in advance and enjoyed the victory by boating. Qinhuai cruise ship rose in the Tang Dynasty and flourished from the Ming and Qing Dynasties to the early Republic of China. Painting boats, flutes, drums and paddles is a beautiful scenery on the Qinhuai River. This is vividly described in Gu Jieyuan's Hakka Words, Kong's Peach Blossom Fan and Banqiao Miscellanies. In the past 20 years, the Qinhuai River has been rectified vigorously, and the water has been changed regularly, with more boats and pleasant scenery. At night, there are thousands of lights on both sides of Qinhuai River. Tourists in cruise ships, boats in scenery, people walking in paintings, each with its own flavor.

The full moon in Mid-Autumn Festival is touching autumn.

Mid-Autumn Festival on August 15th, Jiangnan is also called August Festival. This night, there is a full moon in the sky and a full moon on earth. Even if you are in a foreign country, you should go home for reunion. People in Nanjing like to enjoy the moon with their families, which is called "celebrating reunion", and it is called "full moon" when groups sit together and drink, and it is called "walking on the moon" when visiting the market. There were Moon Tower and Moon Bridge in the early Ming Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, there was a Moon Tower under Lion Mountain, which was a place for tourists to enjoy the moon, and the Moon Bridge was the most prosperous. Yueyue Bridge is located in Qinhuai River, where the old courtyard of Confucius Temple is located. Next to the bridge is the mansion of Ma Xianglan, a famous prostitute. It is the nocturnal literati who gather at the bridge to play the flute and sing and write poems to the moon, so this bridge is called the Moon Bridge. After the death of the Ming Dynasty, it gradually declined. Later generations have a poem saying: "The romantic Southern Song Dynasty has been exhausted, leaving the west wind to be a long slab bridge, but remember to take the Jade Man Bridge, and the moon is relatively taught to play the flute." Longbanqiao, the original Moon Bridge.

After the Qing Dynasty, the wind of enjoying the moon still prevailed. People in Yue Bai display fresh fruits and moon cakes, burn incense (tie incense like a tower, add paper barrels on it, and call it a bucket of incense), tell the story of the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon, and then share moon cakes. Mooncakes are made in Guabu, and "Jinling set of cakes" was the best in the Republic of China.

On this night, Nanjing women have the custom of touching autumn, which is suitable for men to "touch" (touch "steal" melons and fruits for fun) in Jasmine Garden. This game has been rumored for a long time. In the past 20 years, people have attached great importance to the Mid-Autumn Festival, staged moon viewing in cities, or enjoyed the moon boating in Xuanwu Lake and Qinhuai River in Confucius Temple. It is very popular to buy moon cakes by yourself or give them away by the company. The full moon night is full of affection.

Chongyang gaodeng club

On the ninth day of September in the summer calendar, it is called Chongyang, because every day of this month is positive. Historically, Jiankang (now Nanjing) people went out to climb mountains on this day, forming a "mountaineering meeting". This custom originated from a strange legend of avoiding evil spirits, which was recorded in detail by Wu Jun, a native of A Liang in the Southern Dynasties. From Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to Ming and Qing Dynasties, the custom of Chongyang in Jiankang still flourished. At that time, he lived in the south of the city to climb the Yuhuatai, in the city to climb the Arctic Pavilion, and in the north of the city to climb the Shogun Mountain, especially the Shogun Mountain. During the Han Dynasty, there was a pavilion on this mountain. The legend of the Jin and Yuan emperors crossing the river said that "horses turned into dragons", so this pavilion was named "Long Ting". There is an ancient cave in Gu Mo, Liang Da, on the side of the mountain, with many tourists, forming the custom of "the shogunate ascends the mountain". The Jiaqing Decade of Qing Dynasty (1805) was initiated by government officials and celebrities such as Hu Lanchuan magistrate (Jiangning magistrate). Some people in charge of the army have built the "Wangjiang Tower" on the mountain. It is a lighthouse for navigation and a spectacular scenery, which is praised as a good thing by people near and far.

On the Double Ninth Festival, Nanjing people like to eat double ninth cake, which is called "camel's hoof", drink chrysanthemum wine, enjoy chrysanthemums and make a double ninth flag for their children. On this day, married women will send flags in a timely and fresh box, which is called "Double Ninth Festival Box".

Nowadays, people are happy to climb mountains on the Double Ninth Festival, but not to avoid evil spirits, but to appreciate the magnificent rivers and mountains of the motherland and the new look of construction, and a sense of comfort arises spontaneously.

Today's Four Seasons Tourism Festival

Plum blossom in Nanjing International Plum Blossom Festival in spring is the city flower of Nanjing. Mei appreciation is a folk custom in Nanjing, which has been enduring since the Six Dynasties. Now Pearl Spring, Fujiabian and Gulin Park in Nanjing all have beautiful scenery, especially Meihua Mountain. Every year from the end of February to mid-March, Nanjing holds the International Plum Blossom Festival, with as many as 400,000 people attending the main venue of Meihua Mountain.

Jiang Xinzhou Grape Festival Jiang Xinzhou, a small island in the Yangtze River southwest of Nanjing, has beautiful scenery. From July to August, thousands of acres of vineyards on the island were fruitful. Tourists visit the European continent to see the scenery of rivers, enjoy the natural oxygen bar and enjoy the wild interest of picking grapes.

Autumn Rain Flower Stone Art Festival in Nanjing Rain Flower Stone is one of the landmarks in Nanjing. In the autumn of September, we will hold a series of activities such as "Rain Flower Stone" performance, fine rain flower stone exhibition, seminar and quarrying tour in Yuhuatai Scenic Area. Liuhe County, the birthplace of Shi Yuhua, also held sub-venue activities.

Listening to the bells in winter and welcoming the New Year are usually held in qixia temple Bell Tower. The temple mage chanted prayers and wished the people peace, and then the representative presided over by the guest * * * rang the bronze bell 108 times. The audience was filled with a peaceful and festive atmosphere.

Guling osmanthus festival

Guling Guiyuan, located in the scenic spot of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, is the largest Gui Huayuan in China, covering an area of 1.700 mu and planting nearly 20,000 osmanthus trees. Every September, sweet-scented osmanthus is fragrant and full of flowers, which attracts many tourists to Linggu Temple to enjoy autumn sweet-scented osmanthus.

Gaochun Crab Festival runs from September 30th to June 6th every year, 10, and it has become the custom of Nanjing people to "go to Gaochun, taste crabs, see the giant Buddha and visit the old streets". In gaochun old street, Youzi Mountain and Yinghu Taoyuan, there will be operas, lanterns, martial arts, dragon boat performances, crabs and bonfire parties, which will make Chinese and foreign tourists linger.

Pukou eco-tourism festival

Pukou Eco-tourism Festival, commonly known as Shili Hot Spring, Baili Laoshan Mountain and Li Qian Ginkgo, is a tourism festival integrating viewing, participation and play. People fully feel the natural ecological beauty of "mountain, water, green and empty" through a series of activities such as water splashing festival, folk culture festival and mountaineering barbecue festival.