Overview of Xianyang City

Hamyang is a famous historical and cultural city both at home and abroad. In 305 B.C., Ying Qu Liang (381 - 338 B.C.), the filial duke of Qin, appointed Shang Yang to change the law, built a palace at the junction of Jing and Wei, and moved the capital here. The city was named Xianyang because it was "located in the south of the Jiubian Mountains and the north of the Weishui River, where the mountains and the water are all sunny". After five generations of King Huiwen of Qin, King Mourning Wu, King Zhaoxiang, King Xiaowen, and King Zhuangxiang, and the unification of the six kingdoms by Emperor Qin Shi Huang in 221 B.C.E., the first centralized feudal empire in the history of China was established, and until the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the area served as the capital of the Warring States Qin Dynasty and the Qin Dynasty for one and a half centuries. The interpretation of Xianyang as the first imperial capital of China is well deserved. Subsequently, through the Western Han, Xin, Western Jin, Former Zhao, Former Qin, Post-Qin, Western Wei, Northern Zhou, to Sui and Tang, Xianyang was treated as a place of capital and a place of tombs and hideouts because of its proximity to the capital Chang'an. Following the Song and Ming dynasties, the military-strategic position of Xianyang as an important material distribution center in the Northwest China and as a transportation gateway between the Central Plains and the Western Frontier remained quite significant. Nowadays, under the strategic framework of the integration of economic and social development of Xi'an - Xianyang, a metropolitan city belt with an important economic and strategic position is on the rise, and Xianyang, as the backyard of Xi'an, is facing great opportunities and challenges in its construction and development.

The establishment of political districts in Xianyang began in the Xia Dynasty. During the Shang Dynasty, it developed into square states such as Tai, Bin, Cheng and Dog. In the Zhou Dynasty, Feng and Hao were the centers, with Go and Qin distributed around them. In 350 years ago, Duke Xiaodong of Qin moved the capital to Xianyang and fully established the county government system in Qin. After the unification of Qin, the Nei Shi was set up to manage the capital city of Xianyang, amidst the entire Guanzhong region. At the end of the Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu divided into three countries: Yong, Zhai and Sai, with the name of "Three Qin". West of the city belongs to Yong, east of the plug. Western Han in Guanzhong set up Beijing Zhaoyin, left FengYi, right Fufeng three counties, the number "three auxiliary". City belongs to Fufeng, Fengyi County, now Changwu area belongs to the upper county. The Eastern Han Dynasty moved the right Fufeng County in Huili (now southeast of Xingping City). Three Kingdoms Wei belongs to the Fufeng, Xinping (County Lac County, now Bin County, west of the city) and Fengyi County, the Western Jin Dynasty belongs to the Yongzhou Fufeng (County Chiyang, in the northwest of the city of Jingyang County, today), Bei Ping (County Samueli), Xinping County and the corner of the county of Anding. The former Qin set up Xianyang County in Changling. In the Northern Dynasties, it belonged to the three counties of Hanyang, Anding and Beidi in Yongzhou. In the Tang Dynasty, it belonged to Jingzhao Prefecture and Din Prefecture. In the Fifth Dynasty, it belonged to Jingzhao Prefecture, Yao Prefecture, Qian Prefecture and Din Prefecture. In the Song Dynasty, it belonged to Jingzhao Prefecture, Yao Prefecture, Lizhou and Din Prefecture. In the Jin Dynasty, it belonged to Jingzhaofu, Qianzhou, Yaozhou, and Dinzhou of Qingyuanfu. In the Yuan Dynasty, it belonged to the Fengyuan Road of Shaanxi Province and its subordinate Yaozhou and Qianzhou, and the Duke Prefecture directly under the province. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, it belonged to Xi'an Prefecture, Qianzhou and Din Prefecture. At the beginning of the Republic of China, it belonged to the Guanzhong Road of Shaanxi Province, then to the Tenth, Second, Seventh and Ninth Administrative Supervisory Prefectures, and in the north it belonged to the Guanzhong Sub-District of the Shanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region. At the beginning of the founding of the Republic of China, belonging to the three original, county, Xianyang sub-district, in 1950 merged into the Xianyang sub-district, 1953 revoked the Xianyang sub-district, 1961 reset, 1968 changed to the region. 1983 October revoked the region, the establishment of the city of Xianyang, the implementation of the system of municipal management of counties.

Xianyang City is located in the middle of Guanzhong Plain, between longitude 107°39′-109°11′ east and latitude 34°9′-35°34′ north. It is 117-119 kilometers long from north to south and 65-106 kilometers wide from east to west. It is adjacent to Weinan and Tongchuan in the east, Xi'an in the south, Baoji and Yangling in the west, and Qingyang and Pingliang in Gansu in the north. Under the jurisdiction of Xingping real, Qindu, Weicheng District and Wugong, Qianxian, Liquan, Jingyang, Sanyuan, Yongshou, Binxian, Changwu, Xunyi, Chunhua ten counties. The total area of 10,196 square kilometers, the population of 4.83 million. Each square kilometer of land supports 473 people, a high population density.

The city is located in the middle of the Wei River graben basin, neighboring the Ordos Plateau in the north and the Qinling Trough in the south. The geomorphologic type is layered river terrace and loess plateau. The terrain is high in the northwest and low in the southeast, in the form of a ladder. The main river Wei River flows through the southern part of the city from west to east, and Jing River crosses the whole city from northwest to southeast, forming two water systems of Jing and Wei. Emei Mountain, Beizhong Mountain, Jiubian Mountain, Wufeng Mountain and other east-west mountain ranges cross the central part of the city, dividing the city into two natural regions: the Guanzhong Plain in the south and the Loess Plateau in the north. The southern region has fertile soil, mild climate and four distinct seasons, and is the main base for grain and oil cultivation. The northern loess plateau gullies and ravines, temperature difference, winter and spring is slightly longer, is the main animal husbandry and forestry and fruit industry base. The north of the underground is rich in geomagnetic resources, of which the total reserves of the Binchang coal belt is about 15 billion tons, is a favorable condition for the development of the energy industry.

Hamyang is located in the heart of China's map position, the Chinese people **** and the country's origin is located in the territory of Jingyang County. Here there is the largest international air port in northwest China - Xi'an Xianyang airport, there are through the East and West hemisphere of the Asia-Europe Continental Bridge - Longhai Lanxin Railway, there are connected to Xi'an Xianyang and Baoji, Yan'an highway as well as the ring of the Han and Tang Imperial Tomb Tourism Line. As a famous city of Chinese history and culture, China's excellent tourist city and China's charming city, any tourist wishing to visit China's ancient civilization must not fail to come here. As CCTV commented on the charm of Xianyang, "Xianyang, the city at the center of China's map, completed the shaping of the city's character before the Han and Tang dynasties, and the Zhou and Qin winds pioneered by the forefathers have continued to become the Han and Tang rhythms of later times. The people of Xianyang are warm and honest, sensible and honest, and advocate one word and nine ding, maintaining the city's kingly demeanor." Not board the Great Wall of China, equal to have never been to China; and do not see the Han and Tang Tombs, equal to have never been to Xianyang. Only really appreciate the "Wei Shui through the capital, to image the sky Han; cross the bridge south to the law of the draft animals" of the Qin Empire, the construction of the pivotal pointer, understand the Qin people in the design of the capital city of the "unity of mankind" ideas and the atmosphere of the broad-mindedness of the sinking heroes, only to be regarded as exploring the ancient civilization of Chinese The historical source of Chinese ancient civilization. The rise and establishment of the Qin and Han empires are comparable to the Roman Empire in the western part of the world. If ancient Greek and Roman culture is the valuable heritage of Western civilization, then Qin and Han culture is the precious treasure of Eastern civilization. To taste the profound connotation of the Eastern civilization, it is necessary to personally to the Xianyang original shore to explore the ancient search.

Hamyang as one of China's cultural relics resources, the richness of its cultural relics, cultural relics collection of unique, known as the world's second to none. Its main features, first, the number of large, diverse, high grade. According to the cultural relics department statistics, the city's existing immovable cultural relics 2106, including 825 ancient sites, 783 ancient tombs, 93 ancient buildings, 19 grottoes and temples, 252 stone carvings, 42 modern important historical sites and representative buildings, other cultural relics 92. Positioning of national cultural relics protection units of 18 30 cultural relics points, 95 provincial protection units, county and district level more than 400. The city's cultural and publicity units at all levels *** collection sets of porcelain, jade, bronze, gold and silver, stoneware, murals and other movable cultural relics more than 55,000 pieces. Such as Chunhua County Shi Jia Yuan unearthed Western Zhou tripod, 122 cm high, weighing 226 kilograms, is currently known to the Western Zhou bronzes in the largest round tripod; Maoling tomb unearthed in the Western Han gilt horse Hebei Zhou Xiaoling unearthed in the days of the Empress Dowager Yuan gold seals, can be called the treasures of the country. Second, the emperor's mausoleum, high grade. According to the cultural relics department survey, the territory of the existing successive generations of imperial tombs 27, buried 28 emperors. These imperial tombs are also distributed around a large number of burial tombs, in China and even in the world are unique. All of these tombs are national key cultural relics protection units with high historical value. Among them, the tombs of the emperors of the Western Han Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty are the most concentrated and spectacular. All 11 emperors of the Western Han Dynasty are buried on the Xianyang Plain. The order from west to east is as follows: Maoling of Emperor Wu, Pingling of Emperor Zhao, Yanling of Emperor Cheng, Kangling of Emperor Ping, Weiling of Emperor Yuan, Yiling of Emperor Mourning, Anling of Emperor Hui, Changling of Emperor Gaozu and Yangling of Emperor Jing. In between, there are more than 500 tombs of princes, generals, emperors and relatives. Half of the 18 imperial tombs of the Tang Dynasty are in Xianyang, spanning the four counties of Qianxian, Liquan, Jingyang and Sanyuan, most of which are based on the mountain as a mausoleum, with a grandeur and many accompanying tombs. From west to east for Tang Gaozu Xianling, Tang Wuzong Duanling, Tang Jingzong Zhuangling, Tang Dezong Chongling, Tang Xuanzong Zhenling, Tang Taizong Zhaoling, Tang Suzong Jianling, Tang Xizong Jingling, Tang Gaozong and Zhou Emperor Wu Zetian buried Qianling. Among them, the Zhaoling Mausoleum covers an area of more than 300,000 mu, with more than 180 burial tombs, which is the largest royal mausoleum in the world. Thirdly, there are more ancient ruins and buildings with rich connotations and complete preservation. Located in the southwest of Qindu District, Yinjiacun site is the largest Neolithic Yangshao culture half-slope type primitive village site in Shaanxi Province, with a total area of about 1.5 million square meters. And the Daxiongbao Hall of Zhaoren Temple, located in Changwu County, is recognized as one of the only three Tang Dynasty halls in China at present. Fourthly, the era and geographical features are distinctive and sequential. Bronzes of the Western Zhou Dynasty, brick carvings of the Qin Dynasty, pottery, terracotta figurines, stone carvings and jade carvings of the Western Han Dynasty, and stone carvings, Sancai figurines and tomb murals of the Tang Dynasty constitute a complete set of characteristics of the era; and the cultural area represented by the ruins of the city of Qin Xianyang to Changling, Maoling, represented by the Han Cultural Area, and Zhaoling, Qianling, represented by the cultural area of the Tang Dynasty, constitute a variety of regional characteristics. Fifth, the number of stone culture is large, high grade. One of the tombs of Emperor Wu of Han Maoling Huo Zaiwei tomb, the distribution of 16 pieces of large stone statues of the Han Dynasty, of which there are 12 pieces of national treasures, "Horse Tread on Xiongnu" as the original evidence of patriotism education, was included in history textbooks; Tang Taizong Zhaoling stone carvings of the outstanding representatives --- "Zhaoling six". -Zhaoling six steeds" is famous at home and abroad, "Zhaoling Stele Forest" as one of the country's three major stele forests, the grandeur of its atmosphere, the composition of the atmosphere, are rare in the world. Qianling Mausoleum ground existing 124 pieces of stone cultural relics, of which the wordless monument, described the Sacred Chronicle monument and "61 Wang Bing statue", are famous. Shaanxi Province within the territory of the largest cave temple - Binxian Buddha Temple, its volume of up to, the momentum of the majestic, but also in the art of stone carving.

The history of Xianyang's founding, which began when the Qin people moved the capital, is now more than 2,350 years old. Since ancient times, in this vast land, there have been countless mighty and magical history of the living drama, emerged countless heroes and heroines to lead the storm. The industrious and brave people of Xianyang, rich in creativity, have written a monumental chapter in the history of the development of the Chinese nation. From the earliest reform movement in Chinese history - "Shang Yang change the law", to the great Tang Dynasty to the depths of history of the "Mawei Incident"; from the three original school of gun revitalization of Guanxue, to the new thinking Liu Guyu pulled down a heavy weight. Thinker Liu Gu Yu pulled down the heavy curtain of science; from generation to generation buried in the ground little-known monument Zhi style, to active in modern China's cultural history of the Kunlun characters; from Yu Youren led the Jingguo army rose up to the people's liberation of the Revolutionary War of the final victory: all of these historical events, the front and back of the people of the world, are worthy of our praise, worth commemorating.

The sea has changed, and the ancient world is shining. After crossing the long tunnel of history, the people of Xianyang are now carrying forward the spirit of the Han and Tang dynasties as the theme, and carrying out all-round, multi-disciplinary economic cooperation with the ancient capital of Xi'an, in order to speed up the pace of regional economic integration, and to realize the grand idea of building the Xi'an - Xianyang metropolitan area and make unremitting efforts. It can be believed that the future of Xianyang will be even better. (Excerpted from "History of Xianyang", the author Zhang Shimin is the deputy editor and section chief of Xianyang Local History Office)