Detailed information of Aromatic oils

Aromatic oils (Ethereal oils) are the products of plant metabolism, produced by cellular protoplasmic body secretion, most of which are volatile and have aromatic odor, so they are also known as volatile oils (Volatile oils), and Essential oils (Essential oils) in the spice industry. Its components include hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, ketones, ethers, acids, phenols, amines and heterocyclic derivatives. Often in the form of small oil droplets in the secretion cavity composed of cell groups, secretion channel (such as rue plant pericarp and leaves in the light of the transparent spots) and by the epidermal tissue characteristics of the formation of special glands (such as the glandular hairs of plants), these structures are unevenly distributed in some plants such as roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits and so on are located.

Basic introduction Chinese name ：Aromatic oils Foreign name ：Ethereal?oils Also known as ：Volatile oils, essential oils Ingredients ：Hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, ketones, ethers, etc. Characteristics ：Small oil droplets Examples ：Perilla aromatic oil, Thyme aromatic oils Biochemical properties of aromatic oils,Extraction and Identification of Aromatic Oils,Extraction of Aromatic Oils,Determination of the generality of the Aromatic Oils,Identification and Quantification of Aromatic Oils Components. Usage of aromatic oil,Brief history of utilization of aromatic oil plants,Perilla aromatic oil,Accumulation of Perilla aromatic oil,Accumulation of different varieties of aromatic oil,Thyme aromatic oil,Thyme,Analysis of the components of Thyme aromatic oil,Rational utilization of the resources of wild aromatic oil plants,Bio-chemical properties of aromatic oils Aromatic oils are the products of the metabolism of the plant body, secreted by the protoplasmic body of the cells, most of which are volatile. It is produced by cellular protoplast secretion, most of which are volatile and have aromatic odor, so it is also called volatile oils (Volatileoils), and essential oils (Essentialoils) in the spice industry. Its components include hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, ketones, ethers, acids, phenols, amines and heterocyclic derivatives. Often in the form of small droplets of oil in the secretory cavity composed of groups of cells, secretory tracts (such as rue plant pericarp and leaves in the light of the transparent spots), and by the epidermal tissue characteristics of the formation of special glands (such as the glandular hairs of the furfuraceae plant), the structure of these structures are unevenly distributed in the roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits of certain plants and so on all. Aromatic oil plants are plants that contain and can obtain aromatic oils by steam distillation or extraction with solvents, pressing, adsorption, etc. under atmospheric pressure, such as camphor, primrose, and licorice. Extraction and Identification of Aromatic Oil Extraction of Aromatic Oil The extraction of aromatic oil is carried out by hydrodistillation method, and the distillate is extracted with ether, and after recovering the ether at low temperature, the aromatic oil is dehydrated with anhydrous sodium sulfate to obtain the aromatic oil, which is also known as essential oil of Thymus vulgaris. Weigh and spare. Determination of the universality of the aromatic oil Relative density by specific gravity bottle method, refraction by refractometer method, spinning by spinometer method, the phenolic content of sodium hydroxide method. Identification and quantification of the components of the aromatic oil The gas-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the identification of the components, and the area normalization method was used for the quantification. The gas chromatograph was HP5890, HP-5MS quartz capillary column (30m×0.25mm), the column temperature was 70-250 ℃, the temperature increase rate was 4 ℃/min, the inlet temperature was 250 ℃, the carrier gas was He, the pre-column pressure was 10Psi, the flow rate was 0.53-1.0mL/min, and the solvation was delayed (the beginning of the sampling) for 3 min. The mass spectrometer was HP5989B. Ion source temperature 200 ℃, quadrupole temperature 100 ℃, ionization energy 70ev, interface temperature 250 ℃, scanning mass range of 50 ~ 500, scanning rate of 0.6/sec. Using the NBS75K standard spectral library and reference **** the same search, area normalization method. Uses of Aromatic Oils Spices and flavors are widely used and are closely related to people's lives. Flavor is the end product of the spice industry, generally by several or even dozens of aromatic oils or other ingredients formulated. Aromatic oil is an important raw material for the preparation of flavors, customarily also known as spices, widely used in food, cigarettes, wine, confectionery, toothpaste, soap, medicine and health, cosmetics or other industries, although its dosage is small, but the quality of the aroma products have a great impact. The quality of the flavor directly affects the quality of the flavored products, and in some cases also determines the grade of the product. The more varieties of flavors, the more colorful flavored products. Brief history of the utilization of aromatic oil plants The utilization of aromatic oil plants in China has a long history. In the Qin Dynasty (221-207 BC) there is a record of "fragrant makeup"; the Han Dynasty (140-87 BC) and "live incense"; as far back as more than 2,300 years ago, the poet Qu Yuan in the "Chu Rhetoric", he wrote The poet Qu Yuan wrote in the "Chu Rhetoric" more than 2,300 years ago, the poem of "the steam of cymbidium dishes and orchids"; Song Dynasty writer Su Shi also has a good line "the wind comes to the Penny Ai gas such as smoked", smoked refers to the aroma. People of all ethnic groups in our country in the long-term practice of life to develop the use of aromatic plants to refresh the mind, to avoid the evil and expel obscenity, mosquitoes and insects of the tradition has been passed down to the present day. Dali Bai people, like to use chrysanthemum plants such as Penny burning Mu smoked room to avoid insect wax mosquitoes, the New Year's festivals will be burning red iron clip wrapped Penny branches and leaves, pouring water, the steam emitted by the room full of fragrance Foo evil. Yunnan also has some minorities in the marriage, the birth of the mouth of the day, smoked green pine, cypress, full of incense and other plants of fresh branches and leaves, temples and temples will often be certain aromatic plants (such as camphor plant Xiangmian leaf) of wood or branches and leaves of the dry grinding into the end of the incense as a supply. Intended to eliminate disasters and avoid disaster, in fact, has the role of disinfection, insecticide, air purification. People in many places in the Dragon Boat Festival used to camp bushes, green Penny and so on inserted in the door on the Square, to avoid evil by obscenity. Bai people also often often will be a variety of aromatic plants with colorful cloth package sewn into different shapes of incense bags, incense bags hanging in front of the chest or decorated in the children's hats, to wish good luck and good luck. Hani people also get the custom of proposing marriage to a scented bag. At the beginning of this century, due to the rapid development of the chemical industry, in a fairly long period of time, the use of most of the spices are synthesized from coal tar as raw material. Although the price is low, but after decades of use shows that such substances have toxic side effects on the skin, so most consumers tend to use from the aromatic oils extracted from plants to get the natural spices formulated cosmetics. And this trend will increase as people return to nature-oriented consumption. Therefore, the demand for aromatic oil plants has been greatly increased. In recent years, Yunnan in the full use of aromatic oil plant resources has made gratifying achievements, and the establishment of more than 60,000 acres of high-quality spice planting base, the formation of a certain scale of the spice industry. Now it has been able to produce more than 30 kinds of natural spices, accounting for more than 30% of the similar products in China, and has become the largest production and export base of natural spices in China. Perilla Aromatic Oil Accumulation of Perilla Aromatic Oil The synthesis and secretion of Perilla Aromatic Oil is accomplished by two types of glandular hairs, of which the peltate glandular hairs are the main ones. First, small oil vesicles are formed in the cytoplasm, and due to the obvious relaxation of the cell wall, the contents of the vesicles are released between the cell wall and the cuticle on the surface, and the volatile oil accumulates under the cuticle, which can be observed on the back of the leaf with an optical microscope. Accumulation of aromatic oils in different varieties Perilla test material, according to plant morphology *** is divided into six categories: large-leaved perilla, wrinkled perilla, perilla, large-leaved wrinkled white perilla, wrinkled white perilla and wild varieties of perilla. The content of its aromatic oil ranges from 0.0200-0.269%, which is somewhat different from the standard of 0.1070-0.2% reported in the data. The differences in aromatic oil content of different varieties of Perilla frutescens are so large that it is difficult to compare the goodness of the varieties, if we look at the maximum homozygous yield of the aromatic oils: large-leafed wrinkled white violet (0.269%) > large-leafed perilla (0.222%) > wrinkled white violet 0.220%) > perilla (0.178%) > wrinkled violet ((0.1300). This may be caused by the adaptability of each test material to the environment (origin and mouth of the Gifu Prefecture farm) is different; may also be due to the genetic instability of perilla, the original perilla species has been mutated, so that the difference in the plant morphology classification method. Mignki Mtta, a scholar in Kuchimoto, reported that the genetic relationship of Perilla and the discovery of weed-type Perilla using RAYD markers also showed the variation of aromatic oil content within Perilla varieties with the same plant form. Aromatic oil accumulation of the same variety in different places of origin Perilla frutescens its sowing is rough, preferring warm and humid environment, and not strict to the soil requirements. Guangxi Nanning is a subtropical monsoon area, sunny, abundant rainfall, frost less snow, mild climate, the average annual temperature of about 21.7 ℃, perilla growth is extremely favorable, in the same perilla varieties of Nanning area of the aromatic oil content is very high. Dalian belongs to the north temperate monsoon type continental climate, is the warm zone in the northeast, perilla aromatic oil content in general. Japan's land is long and narrow, across the tropical, temperate and frigid 3 climate zones, coupled with the continental and oceanic climate, climate change is large, four distinct seasons, Perilla varieties are rich in aromatic oil differences. In terms of perilla essential oil accumulation and the subtropical zone as perilla production base is more appropriate. Thyme Aromatic Oil Thyme Thyme is the International Organization for Standardization announced in 1970 and recognized by many countries around the world as one of the spices, widely distributed in northern Africa, the beating continent and the Asian temperate zone. There are about 300 to 400 species of thyme plants all over the world, and there are 12 species in China, which are distributed in Shaanxi, Gansu, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning and other provinces and regions, and grow at an altitude of 1,000 to 2,500 meters in the mountains, grass on both sides of the river or sandy beaches, which can be used for medicinal purposes and extraction of aromatic oils, and is used as spices by the people. The aromatic oil can be used medicinally and extract aromatic oil, and used as a spice by the people. In addition to the aroma it can give to the food, it also has the effect of antiseptic and antioxidant. Analysis of Thyme Aromatic Oil Components Fifty-three compounds were isolated from the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry diagram***, and using the NBS75K standard mass spectrometry library-computer online search, combined with manual review of the mass spectrometry manual, *** identified 40 compounds, accounting for 94.419% of the total, of which the content of more than 1% of the compounds*** there are 19, accounting for 87.063% of the total; the content of more than 5% of the components there are 5, accounting for 87.063%. 5% or more, accounting for 58.684% of the total; and only two components with a content of 10% or more, which were p-polycymene (pcymene, 15.054%) and thymol (Thymol, 23.872%), both accounting for 38.926% of the total. In terms of compound types, the aromatic oil of Thymus vulgaris contains mainly monoterpenes, phenols, alcohols and esters, which are very easy to volatilize and present their own special odors, constituting the characteristics of the aromatic oil of Thymus vulgaris. From the molecular weight of the identified compounds, small molecular weight compounds accounted for the majority of the compounds, and the content of slightly larger molecular weight sesquiterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenes were lower. In the identified compounds, the smallest molecular weight is 134, only one compound of p-polyumbelliferin, the content is higher; the molecular weight of 136 compounds is the most, *** there are 10 compounds, all of them are olefins with rings (monoterpenes), the average content is small, but the total amount is larger; the molecular weight of 142 compounds is also only one kind of compounds, it is a nonenol, the content is very low, only 0.102%; the molecular weight of 150 compounds are 3 kinds of compounds, and the content is 0.102%; the molecular weight of 150 compounds are 3 kinds of compounds, and the content is 0.102%. There are three compounds with a molecular weight of 150, among which thymol and carvacrol are the main components of thyme aromatic oil, with high contents (23.872% of thymol and 7.051% of carvacrol), and these two compounds are actually isomers of oxygenated monoterpenes, and the content of these two compounds is an important index for measuring the quality of thyme aromatic oil. Another compound is a derivative of cyclohexene, with lower content (0.386%); the compound with molecular weight 152 is only camphor, a kind of cyclic ketone compound, with lower content (0.541%); there are five kinds of compounds with molecular weight 154, all of them are alcohols or derivatives of alcohols, among which 1,8-eucalyptus (alcohol) has larger content (5.114%), and the rest of the content is lower; the compound with molecular weight 164 *** has the following contents Four compounds of 164 ***, two are isomers containing methoxytoluene, 3-isopropyl-4-methoxy-toluene in high content (6.234%), 3-methoxy-4-isopropyl-toluene in very low content (0.160%), and the other two compounds are phenol derivatives (isoeugenol and 2-ethyl-5-n-propylphenol) in low content; the molecular weight is 192, 196 compounds, the content is not high, but they are important esters (thymol acetate and 3.7-dimethyl-2.6-dioctenol-1-acetate); molecular weight of 202, 204 compounds *** there are 8 kinds of compounds, of which molecular weight of 202 compounds are only one kind of Cuban alkene, the remaining 7 kinds of compounds are all molecular weight of 204 compounds, they are all sesquiterpenes, content is not They are all sesquiterpenes, not very large in content, but are important components of the fragrance. The only compound with molecular weight 210 was linalyl propionate, with a large content (3.076%). Among the aromatic oil components of thyme identified, the maximum molecular weight was 220, and there were two compounds, one of which was an alcohol (sparteol) and the other was an alkene oxide (stigmasterol oxide). The results of this main component are similar to the chemical composition of pepper from Taibai County, Shaanxi Province reported by Zhang Hongli et al. However, there is a big difference with the main component of five-ribbed thyme aromatic oil from Shandong Province reported by Pan Xiqing, which reported that the main components of five-ribbed thyme aromatic oil are camphor alcohol and linalool, but camphor alcohol was not detected in the aromatic oil of thyme produced in Gansu Province, the content of linalool was very low, which may be caused by the difference of the climate of the two places, to be further investigated. This may be due to the climatic difference between the two places, which needs to be further studied. Rational use of wild aromatic oil plant resources Aromatic oil plant resources are the valuable wealth given by nature to human beings, which not only add fragrance and color to many necessities of people's daily life, but also are an important part of biological germplasm resources in nature and maintain the corresponding ecological balance. At the same time, we should also see that there are still a large number of wild aromatic oil plant resources have not been developed and utilized, in a self-sustaining state, a great pity. Therefore, it is necessary to continue to make in-depth research on the development and utilization of aromatic oil plant resources, and constantly increase the variety of natural spices. Further resource survey work, the depth of investigation from the previous qualitative census to quantitative survey, mold clear resource reserves, as soon as possible to resource advantages into economic advantages, but these resources are by no means inexhaustible, inexhaustible, because of its economic value and the existence of protection and rational use of the question of the intersection of the protection of the purpose is to use, but also for the long term, effective use. In order to rationalize the development of wild aromatic plant resources, the following issues should be noted: (1) must accurately identify the harvested aromatic plants, do not pick the wrong kind, should master the harvested parts, to the fruit as raw material only pick the fruit, to the leaves as raw material only pick the leaves, do not cut the branches, not to mention the uprooting. (2) Attach importance to the regeneration ability of plants, in the intensity of resource utilization, we should consider its recovery and regeneration ability, and avoid the short-sighted behaviors of "fishing with all the water" and "taking eggs from chickens". (3) Promote comprehensive utilization and reduce waste of resources. Each plant tends to metabolize and accumulate a variety of products, through comprehensive utilization can greatly improve economic efficiency. Such as celandine pulp, flowers can be extracted aromatic oil, extract aromatic oil after the kernel can be extracted oil. (4) Nurturing management of certain wild aromatic plants. Improve production, expand resources. (5) the use of large value, high economic benefits of wild aromatic oil plants for the introduction of domestication, into the wild for the cultivation, the establishment of spices even land, change the rough management for intensive management. Conditions can also engage in three-dimensional planting, such as the upper layer of camphor, the lower layer of tea and other cash crops, to improve economic output per unit area.