Institutional development of mixed economic system

In the contemporary world economy, the existence of state (government) and market, as well as the role of planning means and market means, have become a basic feature of the national economy and even the world economy. Without the control of the state (government) and the use of planning means, economic activities will be completely determined by the price mechanism and market forces; If there is no market, there is no use of market means, and economic activities are completely determined by government forces and planning means. Then, the two extreme situations of economic operation are either "market failure" or "government failure". In the 20th century, market economy and planned economy suffered various setbacks and hardships, which finally made more and more people (including China people) realize that it is necessary for the social economy to develop stably, healthily and efficiently, and planned economy and market economy are no longer two social systems. A country can completely implement multiple ownership economies and multiple economic operation modes. Therefore, more and more countries, including China, have implemented the policy of common development of various economic sectors and chosen the mixed economic system. Why is the economic system of China today a mixed economic system? Compared with the mixed economic system in western countries, it is considered to be similar to the mixed economic system in the following aspects.

China's political system reform lags behind the economic system reform.

First, the structural characteristics of social organizations are similar. There are three main forces in social organizations in contemporary western countries: the close combination of large enterprises-large enterprises and commercial banks plays a decisive role in national economic affairs; Big trade union-a powerful trade union developed with large-scale industrial organizations, is competing with large enterprises to improve the status of trade union members; Strong government-A strong government is needed to alleviate and effectively adjust the contradictions and conflicts between large enterprises and large trade unions. As a result, large enterprises, large trade union organizations and expanding government departments have become the organizational characteristics of western countries under the modern mixed economic system.

In China, after more than 50 years of development since the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially after more than 20 years of reform and opening up, large state-owned enterprises, large foreign-funded enterprises and growing private enterprises, as well as multinational companies from all over the world have settled in China, making the influence of large enterprises in China's economic affairs increasingly expanding; China's trade unions, whose basic purpose is to safeguard workers' rights and interests, not only have the largest number of members in the world, but also provide large-scale assistance to foreign-funded enterprises, private enterprises, township enterprises and private enterprises.

Industry development, rising status and influence; The powers and responsibilities of governments at all levels in China in economic activities and their role in regulating social contradictions all show the characteristics of strong government. It is an inevitable result that such a social organization structure chooses a mixed economic system to develop the economy.

Second, the structural characteristics of property rights are similar. Although the economy of western countries is called private ownership. However, the output of public goods and quasi-public goods in western countries today is very large, and the proportion is increasing. Moreover, in most western countries, a series of nationalized departments have emerged, especially some natural monopoly departments, and nationalization is extremely common. This situation has led to great changes in the property rights structure of western capitalist countries, that is, private property rights and public property rights coexist, and the public ownership economy has maintained a considerable scale, which is another basic feature of the mixed economic system in western countries. Since the reform and opening up, China has developed from a single public ownership economy to a pattern of common development of public ownership economy, foreign-funded enterprises, private economy, individual and private economy and other economic components. The property right structure of public and private coexistence and the mixed economic system are more suitable.

Third, the allocation of resources is similar. In the free competition of traditional capitalism, a single market mechanism is used to allocate resources, but there are also some disadvantages in the method of allocating resources by a single market mechanism, such as the contradiction between economic benefits and social benefits, unfair distribution, monopoly and conflict with social welfare. After World War II, western industrialized countries abandoned a single market means in resource allocation and adopted both planned means and market means. Therefore, the combination of market and planning has become an important feature of mixed economic system in all western countries. Since the reform and opening up, China's resource allocation mainly depends on the market mechanism, and planning is one of the important means of macro-control. The combination of market mechanism and planning means has gradually brought China's economic operation rules into line with the world economy and converged with the way of resource allocation in the mixed economic system of western countries.

Books and reference materials

Fourth, the principle of division of labor between the state, the market and enterprises is similar. Under the traditional economy, countries, enterprises and markets are antagonistic because of their different behavioral logics. The behavioral logic of enterprises is to pursue profit maximization; "The logic of the market is to concentrate economic activities in places where it is convenient to develop production and obtain high profits; The logic of the country is the process of acquiring and controlling economic growth and capital accumulation. " However, in today's mixed economic system of western countries, free enterprise, effective competitive market and state intervention are all indispensable. Without any of these elements, it can't be regarded as a mixed economy, and it can't effectively solve economic and social problems. Then, under the mixed economic system, how to solve the contradiction between the state, the market and the enterprise, or what principle they are mixed according to, so as to minimize the conflict between them and maximize their complementarity?

At present, the principle of western countries with mixed economic system is that economic problems that can be solved by individuals, enterprises and markets or can be solved with higher efficiency than government intervention are all solved by individuals, enterprises and markets in principle; The government is engaged in those economic activities that individuals, enterprises and markets are unable or unwilling to engage in, and those economic activities in which government intervention is more efficient than individuals, enterprises and markets. After the reform and opening up, China has made great progress in the construction of modern enterprise system, market construction and government administrative management system reform. Under the framework of socialist market economy system, the operating principles of enterprise system, market mechanism and government management system have been determined: enterprise system is the micro-foundation of market economy and the source of wealth creation and competitiveness formation; Market mechanism is the basic way to allocate resources, adjust supply and demand and optimize structure; The government is the system builder and protector of maintaining fair competition, safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of economic subjects and maintaining economic and social stability. Enterprise system, market mechanism and government management system support each other, complement each other, restrict each other and promote each other. The coordinated relationship between them and the balanced promotion of reform promote economic and social development and progress.

Therefore, the principle of division of labor among countries, enterprises and markets in China's socialist market economy system is similar to that in the western mixed economy system. From the comparison of the above four aspects, we can see that in the process of building a socialist market economy system, China has carefully studied and borrowed all the civilized achievements of human development of commodity economy and market economy, including the mixed economic system of western countries, and built a socialist basic economic system with public ownership economy as the main body and multiple ownership economies developing together, and a mixed economic operation system on this basis.