Main characteristics of three major changes in the history of world automobile industry development

In the history of automobile industry in 100, the world automobile industry experienced three major changes. The first change is that Ford Motor Company of the United States introduced Model T and invented the automobile assembly line, which shifted the focus of the world automobile industry from Europe to the United States. The second change is that Europe has broken the long-term monopoly position of American automobile companies in the world automobile industry through various production methods. The focus of the world automobile industry has shifted from the United States to Europe. The third change is that Japan has become the third automobile industry development center in the world after the United States and Europe by improving the production management system, forming a lean production model and fully developing economical cars with good quality and low price.

First of all, the first change-assembly line mass production.

1892, American brothers Charles delia and Franco delia made the first motorcycle powered by gasoline engine in America.

1903, Ford motor company was established; From 65438 to 0908, General Motors was founded, which promoted the development of the world automobile industry.

When you mention Ford Motor Company, you will naturally think of Model T.. Because this kind of car looks like a model T, it is indicated as a model T.. T-car can be said to be the first model to deify the family car into reality.

Before the appearance of Model T, cars were luxury goods produced for a few people. In order to make an ideal Volkswagen, Ford introduced Model T at 1908. The appearance of Model T turned the car from a patented product of the rich into a mass commodity. In the 20-year production process of Model T, Model T is called "the tool that carries the whole world".

19 13 years, Ford built the world's first automobile assembly line in Detroit, which made Model T the beginning of mass production, and the automobile assembly time was shortened from 12.5h to10.5h ... from 1908 to1928. The price of a car starts at $850 and finally drops to $360. 19 15 years, the annual output of Ford alone accounted for 70% of the total output of American automobile companies, while the total output of European countries with a long history of automobile production at that time was only 5% of that of the United States.

Because Henry Ford only pays attention to the production cost and neglects the product improvement, the Model T that has been produced for more than ten years seems monotonous and simple. At 1927, GM's Chevrolet won the general welcome of users with its luxury accessories, and finally defeated Ford Model T, which monopolized the automobile market for 20 years, and finally withdrew from the automobile stage.

Second, the second change-diversification of automobile products

Before World War II, Europeans had begun to be dissatisfied with the unification of American cars. However, at that time, European automobile companies could not compete with American automobile companies through mass production and price reduction. Therefore, new automobile products, such as engine front drive, engine rear drive, load-bearing body, miniature load-bearing body, miniature fuel-saving car and so on. Try to adapt to different road conditions, national hobbies and other requirements to compete with American car companies. Therefore, there has been a change from single to diversified automobile products. In view of the weakness of single American model, huge volume and high fuel consumption, Europe has developed colorful new cars. For example: Mercedes-Benz and BMW with strict specifications; Lightweight and elegant Ferrari and Citroen; Elegant Rolls-Royce, Jaguar, Magic Beetle and Mini, which are popular all over the world, have appeared one after another. Product diversification has become the biggest advantage, and economies of scale have also been achieved.

By 1966, the automobile production in Europe had exceeded 1000000, which was five times higher than that in 1955, with an average annual growth rate of 106%, surpassing the automobile production in North America and becoming the second largest automobile industry development center in the world. By 1973, the automobile production in Europe increased to150,000 vehicles. The world automobile industry has turned back to Europe from America.

Third, the third change-lean production mode

The third revolution of the world automobile industry took place in Japan. Japan's automobile industry started late. Toyota Motor Corporation, the largest automobile company in Japan, and Nissan Motor Corporation, the second largest automobile company, were established in 1933. On the eve of World War II, the Japanese government promulgated the enterprise law of automobile manufacturing industry, which showed its support for the development of automobile industry. During World War II, the Japanese government closed the automobile factory established by the United States in Japan. After World War II, Japan did not allow foreign countries to build factories and cars in Japan. Nevertheless, in the 1950s, Japan's automobile industry was still developing slowly. Since 1960s, the output of economical cars in Japan has increased year by year. 1960 Japan's per capita GNP was $500, and 1966 per capita GNP exceeded 1000, creating conditions for automobile popularization. At the same time, Japanese car companies launched cheap cars in time, and the price dropped by 30%~50% compared with the mid-1950s, so there was a climax of popularizing cars in Japan. Japan called 1966 the first year of private car popularization.

At the same time, several automobile companies represented by Toyota Motor Corporation have applied two new management mechanisms, total quality management and just-in-time production system, to automobile production. The former requires workers to take more responsibilities and put product quality first. The latter needs technical services and lean production. They are closely combined and complement each other, which promotes the rapid development of Japanese automobile industry.

1973 Japanese automobile exports reached 2 million; 1977 Japanese automobile exports reached 4 million; 1980, Japanese automobile exports soared to 6 million.

Because Japan has achieved double high-speed growth in domestic automobile sales and export volume, it has ushered in the development of Japanese automobile industry and created a miracle in the development of world automobile industry. The advertisements of Toyota Motor Corporation of Japan "There must be a road in front of the driveway, and there must be a Toyota car when there is a road" and Nissan Motor Corporation "There are swift horses in ancient times, but there are Nissan cars today" have realized their good wishes. 1960, Japan's automobile production was only160,000, far below the level of the major automobile producing countries in the United States and western Europe at that time. But by 1967, the automobile output reached 1 1 10,000, surpassing the United States and ranking first in the world. Japan became the third development center of the world automobile industry after the United States and Europe, that is, the world automobile industry moved from Europe to Japan for the third time.