What are the differences between China and western countries in terms of economy?

Implications of Democratic Election and Party System in Developed Western Countries for the Construction of Democratic Politics in China

The modern democratic system (in terms of party system and election system, etc.) has fully demonstrated its importance in modern society, and has also clearly shown that all the organizations of political parties have taken the democratic election as the only lawful way of obtaining the position of ruling. Undoubtedly, most of the developed modern democracies belong to capitalist countries and are different from our country in terms of statehood, with great limitations and one-sidedness. However, after centuries of development, the capitalist democratic system is quite complete, perfect and mature. The practice and development process of its electoral system and party system, some of its theories, methods and experiences, its mode of operation and operational techniques provide many valuable things for the democratic politics of human society. In essence, capitalist democracy is nothing more than a bourgeois game of domination, but the shell or specific form of its democracy often does not reflect class content and is merely of the nature of a tool or means. We are fully capable of critically absorbing and learning from all the valuable and reasonable things of the past and present, using the past for the present and the foreign for the Chinese. Democratic elections in China are still in the process of development, and there are still many problems to be explored and perfected in respect of political parties and the electoral system. The modern western democratic system has given us a lot of inspiration and useful reference.

(1) On the relationship between political parties and democratic politics. The position and role of political parties in elections, the way political parties operate and govern, the relationship between political parties and parliaments, between political parties and the law, and the legalization of political parties, and so on. This provides us with something to refer to and a way to think about the problem from multiple perspectives on how to strengthen and improve the party's leadership over state affairs, carry forward internal democracy, improve the party's leadership in democratic elections, insist that the party's activities be within the scope of the Constitution and laws, how to develop and improve multi-party cooperation in China, and how to mobilize and organize the general public to actively participate in elections. For example, political parties in the West cannot directly lead and manage the affairs of the state; even if a party wins in an election, its program and policies must become the norms of the whole society through the form of the state, through the majority status of its members in the parliament, and through the legal procedures; the actual leadership of political parties over the state is hidden, and its form is regulated by the law. Administration by law, rule of law, legalization of government policies. Every time the ruling party systematically and emphatically lays out its policy for governing the country on the various aspects of the country that need to be addressed by the government; every government enacts the various parts of its platform into law through legal procedures, ultimately transforming the current government's platform into the legislative system of the same parliamentary session. Another example is the legalization of political parties, whereby the State, through the legislative activity of representative bodies, stipulates and regulates the existence and mode of activity of political parties in the form of laws: the law regulates the formation of political parties, the scope and mode of activity of political parties, the sources of funding of political parties and their use, and the correction and sanctioning of political parties in the event of their violation of the Constitution and the law. With the improvement of China's political system, it is entirely possible that China's Political Party Law or Political Party Activity Law, which reflects China's political party system, embodies the status of China's ****-producing parties and democratic parties, and comprehensively regulates the behavior of political parties, will also be introduced.

(ii) On the technical problems of political parties in elections. The technical problems of political parties in elections in western countries, such as how to nominate candidates, how to organize election campaigns, how to distribute the quotas of deputies of various parties, and how to produce and proportion the deputies of parties and those of districts, etc., are useful for us to better solve the problems, such as how to ensure the fairness and impartiality of the nomination of candidates, how to introduce the mechanism of competition for the revitalization of the elections, how to solve the contradictions between the system of territorial representation and the system of representation of sectors, and how to determine the reasonable There are many lessons to be learned from the system, such as how to ensure the fairness and impartiality of candidate nomination, how to introduce a competitive mechanism to revitalize the election, how to resolve the contradiction between geographical representation and sectoral representation, and how to reasonably determine the proportion of representatives from various parties, sectors and areas. The modus operandi and operational techniques of democratic elections are in themselves only a tool, and their instrumental nature determines that they can be used by bourgeois parties as well as working-class parties. For example, half of the deputies of the Russian State Duma are elected by constituencies, and half are elected by political parties and coalitions within the scope of the whole coalition, and distributed proportionally according to the number of votes they receive, which is undoubtedly an important inspiration for our country in resolving the contradiction between the two systems of representation. Another example is the treatment of electioneering, although many of us seem to have no doubt about the introduction of competition in elections, and also realize the positive role of electioneering in improving representation and encouraging citizens' political participation, there are still many comrades who are skeptical about its feasibility or operability, or who think that the Chinese culture is implicit and introverted, and do not appreciate the competition between the outgoing and the aggressive individuals. In fact, if we look around us at the situation in Korea and Japan, which are also of Confucian cultural tradition, we can clearly see that this is a misunderstanding. What is important is no longer to argue whether competition is needed, but to explore how to regulate and guide competitive behavior in the form of law.

(3) On the form of democratic elections. After centuries of development, the form of capitalist democracy is of course quite perfect. Form is the external manifestation of content, and form can counteract content. Good content requires that it be expressed in good form, and good form can better reflect content. In the electoral system, form and content are almost integrated and interact. The socialist nature of our democratic system determines that it is necessary and possible for our electoral system and democratic system to adopt a better form of expression. From the practice of western countries, there can be no democracy without concrete forms of democracy, and the forms of democracy (including procedures, rules, methods, etc.) are very important. Many of the great efforts made by China since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party to improve and perfect the system of people's congresses and their electoral system have been carried out from the perspective of reforming and perfecting the specific forms, and any thought that ignores the forms of expression of the democratic system is not conducive to the construction of the people's congresses and the development of the electoral system. There are many specific forms that need to be further standardized and improved in many areas, such as the nomination of candidates, the conception of official candidates, the introduction of candidates, the procedures for elections, and differential elections.

(4) On the relationship between market economy and democratic politics. From the process of development of democratic system we can see the importance of market economy to the development of democratic politics. The establishment of the socialist market economic system, the principles of equality, competition and the rule of law of the market economy will certainly be reflected in the political sphere, the market economy has led to the diversification of economic subjects and interests, and the diversification of value orientation, will also be reflected in the political system. The latter, in turn, will reflect on the former. While reforming the economic system, opening up and revitalizing the economy, and implementing the market economy, the Party will also reform the political system, improve the electoral system, and systematically promote the construction of democracy and the rule of law, which is a conscious application of the relationship between the economic base and the superstructure. Since the establishment, development and improvement of the market economic system is a long-term process, the economic and cultural conditions required for socialist democracy are also a gradual process of development, and the self-development and improvement of the socialist democratic system itself requires a long-term and gradual process of development, ruling the country according to the law is a long-term strategy, and the Party must lead the people in long-term and unremitting efforts.

(v) On the analysis of the election process and results. Obviously, our research and analysis of democratic elections is very insufficient. Drawing on the experience of developed countries, some of the views of the past need to be understood from a new perspective. For example, the participation and turnout rates in our democratic elections are very high. A high participation rate certainly indicates people's enthusiasm for political participation and the broad base of representation. However, an appropriately low participation rate is not necessarily a bad thing. Behind the high participation rate is the phenomenon of some voters being perfunctory and irresponsible. As the electoral system, mechanism and technology are not yet perfect, some voters lack sufficient and comprehensive understanding of the candidates, it is inevitable that after deliberation and weighing, it is still difficult to choose (this situation is also very common in the West, where the electoral system is already very perfect), rather than to deal with it in a perfunctory manner, it would be better to abstain from voting. This is respect for their sacred rights, but also a country's democratic electoral system and the maturity of citizens' democratic consciousness. More importantly, we have to do a lot of work in improving the nomination mechanism, increasing the transparency of the election, reforming the way candidates are introduced, and mobilizing the enthusiasm of voters to take part in the election. Another example is that election results are supposed to be the most centralized and direct reflection of the will of the people, and of course, they should be the most reasonable and the most reflective of "public opinion". Western analysts generally judge the voters' political will and value orientation from the election results, as well as the direction and trend of the resulting national policies; but we always first analyze whether the various ratios and structures (including the proportion of political party representatives) are reasonable, which is obviously a refraction of the fact that China's election system is still unsound and unreasonable.