Grammar of vernacular and modern languages

1. Is there only a lexical difference between modern Mandarin and modern Chinese

There is still a big difference between modern vernacular grammar and Mandarin grammar, the order of words, and the meaning of words.

For example, object preposition, the use of adjectives, the use of nouns, and so on and so forth. ......

Even an expert scholars do not dare to claim that they have mastered all the grammar, vocabulary, semantics, and usage of the literary language.

Ancient texts are as vast as the sea, and the records of various ancient professional disciplines are all over the place, so it is possible to learn and create simply, but it is impossible to have no dyslexia at all!

To a lesser extent, the meaning of a word is constantly evolving,

For example, "dafu" (大夫) was the name of an official position in the ancient world, or a collective name for the literati, but in modern times it's a term for a doctor, and it's pronounced differently.

Therefore, to learn the language, you need to study hard and ask questions, and you need to use tools and ask people for advice.

The translation of the ancient Chinese language is almost a word by word translation of the meaning of the individual words plus the context of the combination of the joint meaning, in addition to idioms and proper nouns, the words are relatively few. And the pronunciation and meaning of a word often have many kinds, which is also the difficulty of understanding the language! Of course, there are also many rare characters to learn! (It is recommended to buy a Dictionary of Commonly Used Characters in Ancient Chinese.)

The Chinese language, whether you are translating it or writing it yourself, requires that it be letter, da, and elegant. The meaning is precise and clear, not ambiguous; the meaning is expressed clearly and completely; the statement of words and phrases elegant rhyme.

It is recommended that if you start learning, you should read the "Sound and Rhythm Enlightenment" and "Training and Elucidation" books; Ming and Qing dynasty novels are also good choices, such as the "Enchantment of the Gods" or "Liaozhai Zhiqi" and "East Zhou Lianguo Zhi" can be read.

2. The Difference Between the Written Language and the Modern Language

Since ancient times, there has been a distinction between the written language and the vernacular language, which is the official language and belongs to the written language, and the vernacular language, which is the language of ordinary people's conversation, and the common people don't know anything about the vernacular language and are unlikely to use the language for their daily conversations. But the vernacular language is the one that has been used by the absolute majority of the population and the frequency of its use throughout the history of China. The modern language evolved from this parallel Chinese language, mainly referring to the language system, especially the grammatical system, established after the May Fourth New Culture Movement. We can see from the existing vernacular literature of the Tang and Song dynasties, the operas of the Yuan dynasty, and the ancient literature of the Ming dynasty, such as "Three Words and Two Beats", that the ancient vernacular language is not as different from modern Chinese as it is from the literary language. If we can't verify their pronunciation, at least their grammar and the use of words are clear on paper. The ancient vernacular language has not changed much from the modern vernacular language of May 4 to the modern language, except that the modern people have organized it with western grammar and added a lot of vocabulary.

3. What are the differences between ancient Chinese grammar and modern Chinese grammar

First of all, I think it should be clear that "ancient Chinese" usually refers to "literary language", which in ancient times was the written language, and the difference between the spoken language and the written language is very big and relative, and the difference between the spoken language and the written language is very big and relative. In modern Chinese, the difference between spoken and written language is not so big. Secondly, there are many special grammars in the literary language which are no longer found in modern Chinese, such as "to make", "to mean" and "to move": examples: "The people of the county were surprised, and they gave their father some guests." In this example, "奇" is a noun, but it acts as a predicate (verb) in the grammatical structure, meaning "to make it strange", which is an "intentional" grammatical structure. As to whether it is preserved in the dialects, I think it is. Among the Chinese dialects, Minnan is relatively more "ancient", but I don't know Minnan, so I can't give you an example, so let's call the Fujian people.

4. What is the grammar of ancient Chinese

Compared with the vocabulary, the grammar of the Chinese language has not changed much, except that the expressions of several special sentences are different from those of modern Chinese, as explained below: Judgment sentence Passive sentence Inverted sentence Omitted sentence Interrogative sentence Negative sentence Judgment sentence The most notable feature of the judgment sentence of Chinese language is that basically it does not need to use the judgement word "是 "to express it, and it tends to let the noun or noun phrase act directly as the judgement sentence. The most distinctive feature of the judgment sentence in Literature is that it basically does not use the adjudicator "is" to express, but often lets the noun or noun phrase act as the predicate directly to judge the subject, which is expressed in the following ways: ". . . also ." This is the most common form of judgment sentence in Chinese. After the subject, "者" is used to indicate a pause, which has the effect of soothing the tone, and after the predicate, "也" is used to conclude the sentence, which is an affirmative judgment or explanation of the subject. For example: "Chen Shui is from Yangcheng." (The Records of the Grand Historian. The Shibu Shijia) ". . . also." In judgment sentences, sometimes "者" and "也" do not necessarily appear at the same time, usually omit "者" and only use "也" to express judgment. For example: "Although Cao is known as the Minister of Han, he is actually a traitor of Han." (Ziji Tongjian) "... ." Some judgmental sentences, only in the subject after the "the" to indicate the mention, this situation is not common. Such as: "Four people, Luling Xiao Jungui Junyu, Changle Wang Hui deep father, the remaining brother An Guo Ping father, An wash carry floating! Ripening minced meat color? Team Wei? Suburbia cha punishment? ". . the also ." At the end of the sentence, the word "者也" is used to strengthen the affirmative tone, and in this case "者" does not mean "提顿", but only serves as a pronoun. This kind of judgment sentence is also more common in the Chinese language. For example, "Duke Xu of the northern part of the city is also a beautiful man of Qi." ("Strategies of the Warring States. Qi Ce") Unmarked Judgment Sentences. Some of the judgment sentences in the Chinese language do not have any signs, and they are directly judged by nouns against nouns. For example, "Liu Bei is the lord of the world." ("The Battle of Red Cliff") In addition, in order to strengthen the tone of judgment, adverbs such as "乃, 必, 也, 即,诚,皆, 則" are often added before the verb predicate. It should be noted that "is" before the predicate in a judgment sentence is generally not a judgment word, but a demonstrative pronoun, which is the subject of the judgment sentence, while "is" in some judgment sentences does not always mean no judgment. In pre-Qin Chinese, "is" was rarely used as a judgment word, but after the Han Dynasty, it was used as a judgment word more often. In addition, the adverb before the predicate of affirmative judgment and the negative adverb before the predicate of negative judgment are not words of judgment. The subject of a passive sentence in classical Chinese is the passive, the recipient of the action expressed by the predicate verb, not the active, the giver. In Old Chinese, in Old Chinese, there are two main types of passive sentences: in marked passive sentences, which are expressed with the help of some passive verbs, and unmarked passive sentences, also called intended passive sentences . There are several forms of passive sentences with signs: The verb is followed by the preposition "ü" to indicate the passive, and "ü" plays the role of introducing the active person who introduces the action. The verb is followed by the preposition "于" to indicate the passive, and "于" serves to introduce the active person who introduces the action behavior. ("The Records of the Grand Historian. (Qu Yuan Lie Zhuan) Here, the actions of "confused" and "deceived" are introduced by "Zheng Sleeve" after "Yu", Zhang Yi" after "Yu". Sometimes the preposition "于" or the verb is preceded by "受", forming "受....". by." to form the passive. For example, "I can't lift up the land of Jin and Wu, and the 100,000 people from them are subject to the control of others." (Ziji Tongjian) Use "see" and "于"，"see... "See. The passive form is used. For example, "I am afraid that the city of Qin will be unattainable, and I will be deceived in vain." (Shi Ji. Lian Po Lin Xiang Ru Lian Zhuan") "I sincerely fear that I will see the king deceived and lose Zhao." （"I am afraid that I will be deceived by the king." (Mengzi. Liang Hui Wang Xi") There is a special usage of "see" which is very similar to the passive form of "see", such as: "I hope that the king will actually see anger." ("Reply to Sima Jianji's Book") here "see" does not show passive, it is put before the verb, indicating how to express oneself politely, like the modern Chinese "见谅", etc. that for this use. Use "為", "为... by." to express the passive. For example, "(Ju) is in a faraway county, and will be annexed by others." (Ziji Tongjian) Use "to be" to express the passive. For example, "I still remember that Duke Zhou was arrested in the hope of March of the year dingmao." (Zhang Pu, "Tombstone Records of Five People") Passive sentences without markers, this case is a passive sentence without a passive verb. For example, "The people of Jingzhou are attached to the manipulator, forcing the army to force the ear." (Ziji Tongjian) The word "force" here means "to be forced by military force". Inverted sentences (subject-verb inversion, object antecedent, determiner, preposition, prepositional structure, prepositional structure) In modern Chinese, the order of sentence components is generally "king-predicate-object", "determiner" - "center word". In modern Chinese, the order of sentence components is generally "king-predicate-object", "definite (dative)-center", but in classical Chinese, under certain conditions, the order of sentence components will change, which is the so-called inverted sentence, that is to say, the order of some sentence components in the literary language has been reversed before and after the situation. There are mainly the following forms of inversion: subject-verb inversion (the predicate before or after the subject said) in ancient Chinese, the position of the predicate is the same as in modern Chinese, generally placed after the subject, but sometimes in order to emphasize and highlight the meaning of the predicate, in some question or exclamation, the predicate in advance to the subject in front of the sentence. For example, "Very much so, you are not favorable!" (Yugongyishan) is actually "Thou hast not favored me very much!" The position of the definite article is generally in front of the central word, but sometimes in order to highlight the status of the central word, emphasize the content of the definite article, or make the tone fluent, often put the definite article after the central word, and use the "the" sentence, forming a "central word + postposition definite article + the" or "central word + postposition definite article + the" or "central word + postposition definite article + the". " or "center word + the + postpositional determiner + the" form. For example, "I have not been able to find a person who can report to Qin." (Shi Ji. Lian Po Lin Xiang Ru Lian Zhuan") and: "The clanging sound of the stone is everywhere." (Su Shi's "Records of Shi Zhong Shan") and so on. It should be noted that the postpositions of determiners in Chinese are limited to sentences that express modifying relations, while determiners that express subordinating relations are not postpositions. The prepositional structure as dative postposition The prepositional structure is the prepositional phrase, which is commonly composed of "to" and "于", and there are the following cases of prepositional postposition. First, the prepositional phrases composed of the preposition "in" are mostly in the complementary position in the literary language, and when translated into modern Chinese, most of them should be moved to the verb as a gerund, except for a few that are still used as complements. For example, "Green, taken from the blue, and blue from the blue." (Xunzi's "Persuasion") Both "于蓝" should be put before the verb as a gerund when translated. Second, the preposition "to" form the prepositional phrase, in this translation, generally as a gerund. For example, "I told you what happened." (Shiji. Xiang Yu Benji") that is, "with things to tell." Such sentences are often preceded by the omission of the object of the verb, which is actually "to the matter to tell.

5. The Difference Between Mandarin and Modern Chinese

Since ancient times, there has been a distinction between Mandarin and vernacular Chinese, with Mandarin being the official language and the written language, and vernacular Chinese being the language used by the common people for conversation, who do not know much about Mandarin, and are unlikely to use it for their daily conversations.

But the vernacular language is the one that has been used by the absolute majority of the population and the frequency of its use throughout Chinese history. And it is from this parallel Chinese language that modern languages evolved, referring primarily to the linguistic system, especially the grammatical system, that was established after the May Fourth New Culture Movement.

We can see from the surviving vernacular literature of the Tang and Song dynasties, from Yuan dynasty operas, and from ancient literature of the Ming dynasty such as The Three Words and the Two Beats, that the ancient vernacular language is not as different from modern Chinese as it is from the vernacular language. If you can't verify their pronunciation, at least their grammar and the use of words are clear on paper.

The ancient vernacular through the modern vernacular of May 4 to the modern text has not changed much, only the modern people to the Western grammar to make it organized and add a lot of vocabulary.

6. how to understand the grammar knowledge of the language 7. the difference between modern and ancient texts

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Answer: maitian

Scholar

December 9, 2011 21:24 The ancient text is written with the grammar of the ancient text, and the modern text is Modern Chinese is written in the grammar and words of modern Chinese. Ancient texts are not necessarily written by ancient people, modern people can also write ancient texts as long as they have the cultivation of ancient texts, nowadays there are still people writing ancient poems, right?

The study of ancient texts makes it easier to cultivate a traditional culture of Chinese language and literature, and is a good way to learn about ancient history and culture.

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