Advantages and disadvantages of international trade

1. Literature Review and Comment on International Production Network Research

In 1970s and 1980s, international economists realized that intra-industry trade and trade between countries with the same factor endowments existed in large quantities, and this trade pattern could not be explained by traditional trade theory, which stimulated economists to re-explore trade theory and finally produced a new trade theory based on economies of scale, imperfect competition and differentiated products. International production network is a new division of labor mode which is different from inter-industry division of labor and intra-industry division of labor. The international production network has the following three characteristics: first, several countries participate in the production of the same final product; Second, in the production process, intermediate inputs flow between countries according to the process, and the trade of intermediate products becomes a major feature of this division of labor; Third, transnational production activities are sometimes completed by a manufacturer investing in different countries and sometimes by different manufacturers.

Nowadays, the international production network, a new mode of production, division of labor and trade, has stimulated the research upsurge of international trade theory. Not only are many economists who enjoy a high reputation in the field of international trade theory exploring, but they also attract many new forces who have just joined the research team. This is the most active topic in the field of international trade research. China is an important part of the international production network, but there is too little attention and research in this area. Yao Zhizhong's "International Production and Division of Labor Network: Theory and Problems" summarizes the existing literature describing and measuring the new division of labor mode of international production network; This paper introduces the main measurement methods and results, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of various measurement methods; Emphasis is placed on the influence of the current division of labor on international trade; And points out the main problems that need to be explained to understand this new division of labor model; The existing theoretical progress and empirical research related to this theory are also summarized. At the same time, the problems that need further understanding and the main research direction in this field in the future are discussed. Analyzing China's position in it from the perspective of international division of labor and production network, and the impact of this change on China's economic development is another issue that this discipline pays attention to. Hong Song's The Impact of International Industrial Division on China's Economy and Countermeasures analyzes the opportunities and challenges brought by the development of international production network to China's economic development.

Second, the balance of payments imbalance and its impact, the nature, connotation and characteristics of China's trade imbalance.

, Qi's "Global Balance of Payments Imbalance and Its Changing Trend" and "Global Balance of Payments Imbalance and Its Impact on China" focus on the internal stability and unsustainability of global balance of payments imbalance, its changing trend and possible adjustment direction, and its impact on China's economy. The article holds that it is the best choice for China to cope with international pressure, overcome external imbalance and improve the international status of RMB by improving the marketization of RMB exchange rate formation and adjusting its foreign economic policy with the goal of improving the efficiency of domestic resource allocation. Liu's China National Foreign Trade Balance Table analyzes the meaning of national trade from the perspective of ownership, puts forward a strict national trade statistical accounting method, and roughly estimates the national foreign trade volume of China, revealing many facts that are difficult to show in the existing customs statistics.

Hong Song's American Hegemony and Sino-US Economic and Trade Relations, starting from the international economic system with the United States as the core, points out that historically, the United States has actually been pursuing a conscious strategy of expanding and maintaining the international trade deficit since the 1970s, and gradually established an international economic system dominated by US dollars and US treasury bonds. Therefore, "huge trade deficit and deficit with China" does not exist as a prerequisite for analyzing the international imbalance and China's trade imbalance. Li Xiangyang's Global Economic Imbalance and China systematically analyzes the global economic imbalance and its influence on China's economy from a normative macroeconomic framework.

Three. Study the import management system and service trade management system after China's entry into WTO, especially after the transition period.

With the rapid growth of China's exports, the original pattern of international trade interests has changed, trade protectionism has risen, and some countries have abused discriminatory practices against China, such as "special safeguard investigation", resulting in increasing frictions and barriers encountered by China's export commodities. At present, there are few countermeasures I can take, and the flexibility and effectiveness of the countermeasures need to be improved. Under the new situation, how to establish a new import management system in line with WTO rules is a major strategic issue we are facing.

In 2006, the Institute of World Economics and Politics of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences undertook the project "China's Import Risk Prevention Management System", aiming at deeply studying China's import management system in the post-transition period of WTO, that is, the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period. With the rapid development of China's foreign trade, an open, transparent and effective prevention and management system should be established according to the general exceptions of WTO, Article 16 of the Foreign Trade Law and other relevant laws and regulations, aiming at the import risks that may adversely affect environmental protection, consumer health, infant industry development, agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery development, and the existing import management system should be enriched and improved. The implementation and completion of this project will play a good guiding and reference role in the establishment and improvement of China's new import management system.

The topics of "International Service Trade Management System" and "International Service Trade Development Trend" undertaken by the Institute of World Economics and Politics of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences have played a very important role in guiding and learning from the establishment and improvement of China's service trade management system, and its research report is the first report to systematically study the international service trade management system in China. This research report makes a detailed analysis and research on the service trade management system of WTO, the United States, Canada, the European Union, Britain, Japan, China and other international organizations, as well as major service trade countries and regions, which fills the gap in this research. This topic not only studies the service trade management system of the above-mentioned countries, but also expounds the laws and regulations on service trade, the methods to promote the development of service industry and the statistical methods of service trade adopted in these countries, which is of great guiding significance for perfecting the service trade management system, promoting the development of service industry and perfecting the statistical system of service trade in China.

Four. An analysis of the progress, influence and prospect of the new round of negotiations

Research on WTO dispute settlement mechanism. Tian Feng's The Efficiency of WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism makes a comprehensive investigation on the operational efficiency of WTO dispute settlement mechanism from five aspects: the preventive effect of WTO members' breach of contract, the cost of WTO members' use of dispute settlement mechanism, the early settlement of disputes, the fairness of expert panel/appellate body ruling and the policy effect of disputes. The results show that, compared with the GATT period, the efficiency of the WTO dispute settlement mechanism has improved on the whole, but it has not changed the old defect of insufficient execution ability; In practice, the reform has not fully achieved the expected goal; In addition, the benefits brought by the reform have not been equally shared by all WTO members.

Tian Feng's Analysis of the Interaction between Multilateral Trading System and Regional Economic Organizations from the Perspective of WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism analyzes the interaction between Multilateral Trading System and Regional Economic Organizations from the perspective of WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism. This paper holds that the lack of direct enforcement ability of multilateral dispute settlement mechanism leads small countries to try to improve their bargaining power in dispute settlement by forming or joining regional economic organizations. The development of regional economic organizations and the establishment of internal dispute settlement mechanism have caused the problem of overlapping jurisdiction with multilateral trade institutions, which provides GATT/WTO members with the opportunity to choose the court to obtain the most favorable ruling.

Li Xiangyang's Formation Mechanism of International Rules specifically analyzes the formation mechanism of international rules. Based on the externality and non-neutrality of international economic rules, the author analyzes the income source of the right to make rules, the decisive factors that a country affects the process of making rules and the specific mechanism of the formation of rules, and thus draws a basic conclusion: as the hegemon in the era of globalization, the United States still dominates the process of making international economic rules and has gained great benefits from it.