What are the standards for monitoring or analyzing air pollutants?

Atmospheric environmental quality standard

1. Formulate principles: First of all, we should consider the air quality objectives of safeguarding human health and protecting the ecological environment. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively study the data of the relationship between this goal and the concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere, and make quantitative correlation analysis to determine the allowable concentration of pollutants that meet this goal.

At present, when judging the air quality of various countries, it is generally based on the four levels of air quality proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) on June 65438+June 0963:

1 grade: no direct or indirect reaction (including reflection or protective reaction) can be observed at the specified concentration and contact time or below.

Grade II: When it reaches or exceeds the specified concentration and contact time, it will stimulate the sensory organs of human body, damage plants and have other harmful effects on the environment.

Level 3: Air quality requirements for protecting people from acute and chronic poisoning and normal growth of urban animals and plants. At the same time, it is necessary to reasonably coordinate the relationship between social benefits and economic benefits required to achieve the standards. In order to achieve the lowest cost and maximum benefit of implementing environmental standards, it is necessary to carry out profit and loss analysis.

The determination of standards should also fully consider the principle of regional differences. We should pay full attention to the differences in population composition, ecosystem structure and function, and technical and economic development level in different regions. In addition to formulating national standards, local atmospheric environmental quality standards should also be formulated according to the characteristics of each region.

2. China's atmospheric environmental quality standard: 1982, China formulated the Atmospheric Environmental Quality Standard (GB3095-82), which listed the concentration standards of six pollutants, including total suspended particulate matter (TSP), floating dust, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and photochemical oxidant (O3) (see table 1.

According to local environmental quality standards, air pollution status, national economic development plan and atmospheric environmental planning objectives, and in accordance with the principle of grading and zoning management, China's atmospheric environmental quality standards are divided into three grades:

First-class standard: protect the natural ecology and people's health, and the air quality requirements will not have any harmful effects under long-term exposure.

Secondary standard: In order to protect people's health and animals and plants in cities and villages, air quality requirements that will not be harmful in long-term and short-term contact.

Grade III standard: Air quality requires protecting people from acute and chronic poisoning and normal growth of urban animals and plants (except sensitive person).

According to the geography, climate, ecology, politics, economy and air pollution degree of each region, the atmospheric environmental quality is determined to be divided into three categories:

Class I areas: nature reserves, scenic spots, historical sites and Yang Di, Liaoning as stipulated by the state.

Second-class areas: residential areas, mixed commercial and transportation areas, cultural areas, historical sites and vast rural areas as determined by urban planning.

Three types of areas: towns and industrial areas with heavy air pollution, and urban transportation hubs and trunk lines.

According to the standard, the first-class district is determined by the state, and the division scope and applicable area of the second and third-class districts are delineated by the local people's government. The above three types of areas generally implement the corresponding three-level standards respectively. However, all industrial enterprises located in the second-class areas should implement the second-class standards; Non-planned residential areas located in three types of areas shall be subject to three types of standards. In addition, the monitoring and analysis methods of various pollutants are also stipulated in the standard.

3. Hygienic Standard for the Design of Industrial Enterprises in China: TJ36-79, promulgated in 1962 and revised in 1979, stipulates the standards for the maximum allowable concentration of harmful substances in the air of residential areas and workplaces (see tables 2 and 3).

The maximum allowable concentration of harmful substances in the air of residential areas is determined according to the data of atmospheric hygiene investigation and animal experimental research in residential areas. According to the situation that residents are old, young, sick, weak and exposed to harmful substances day and night, more sensitive indicators are adopted. The basis of the standard is to ensure that residents will not suffer from acute or chronic poisoning, will not cause irritation to mucous membranes, will not smell abnormal smells, and will not affect living and sanitary conditions. Before the formulation of China's atmospheric environmental quality standard, this standard has played a role in replacing the atmospheric environmental quality standard for many years.

The maximum allowable concentration of harmful substances in the air of workplace is determined according to the field hygiene investigation of industrial and mining enterprises, the observation of workers' health status and the data of animal experiments. The maximum allowable concentration refers to the value of long-term productive labor without acute and chronic occupational hazards. Values that should not be exceeded in representative sampling and determination.

4. Emission standard of air pollutants: The principle to be followed in formulating emission standard of air pollutants is based on the quality standard of atmospheric environment, and the possibility of control technology and regional differences is comprehensively considered. Generally speaking, there are two methods to formulate emission standards: (1) the method determined according to the best applicable technology; (2) Methods based on the diffusion law of pollutants in the atmosphere.

Best practical technology refers to the most effective and economical pollutant control technology at present. The method to determine the pollutant discharge standard according to this technology is to determine the discharge standard according to the pollution situation, the effect of the best control technology and the profit and loss analysis of the existing well-controlled pollution sources. The emission standards determined in this way are easy to implement and supervise, but sometimes they may not meet the atmospheric environmental quality standards, and sometimes they may be too strict.

The method of calculating emission standard according to the diffusion law of pollutants in the atmosphere is based on the atmospheric environmental quality standard, and the allowable emission or emission concentration of pollutants at different chimney heights is calculated by applying the diffusion model of pollutants in the atmosphere, or the minimum chimney height is calculated according to the emission of pollutants. The emission standard thus determined may have some problems due to the accuracy and reliability of the calculation formula, and the natural environmental conditions and the concentration of pollution sources are different in different regions, which may be stricter or wider in different regions.

1973 issued the "Trial Discharge Standard of Industrial" Three Wastes "(GBJ4-73), and the discharge standard of harmful substances is tentatively set at 13 (see Table 4). It is based on the maximum allowable concentration standard of harmful substances in the air of residential areas, and uses the atmospheric diffusion model to calculate the allowable emission or emission concentration standard of pollutants at different chimney heights.