Seek the appellation and its changes among various people (including the court) in ancient China ~ Thank you ~

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(1) Modesty: First, replace the pronoun "I" with some nouns: call yourself "a minister, a servant, a certain person and a villain" to show modesty; Women often use "concubine, handmaiden, slave, handmaiden" and so on; Monarchs are often called "minority", "poor" and "lonely". The other is to use some words to address people who are related to themselves: silly: silly brother, silly brother (both words mean "I"), silly opinion and silly meaning (both can be translated as "mine"). Ours: our country, our city ("ours" is equivalent to "mine"). Cheap: cheap body, cheap body, cheap benefits (calling a son in front of the monarch and emperor) and cheap wife (calling a wife). ["Cheap" equals "mine"]? Small: little girl, child, trumpet. W: I'm the minister. Humble: a humble position. . Politeness to your brother in front of others can be called "home" and "my father, my husband and my family respect my family". My mother and my family call me mom; "Brother" means his brother. In front of others, we use "she" to address our younger or junior relatives. "Little brother" is a little brother and "nephew" is a nephew. Both "home" and "house" can be translated as "mine". These humble names have changed a lot with the development of society. The first situation is basically unnecessary, and some of the second situation is still in use.

(2) Appellation of parents: "Father" and "Mother" have been widely used to address people's previous generation in The Book of Songs. As a vocabulary, they all entered the folk spoken language. As for the combination of "father", "mother" and "pro" into a homophonic word, that was later. It appeared in spoken language from Wei and Jin Dynasties, and was first adopted as a written vocabulary by later popular literature. "Kao" and "Pi" originally refer to the generation of "father", "mother", "Kao" and "parents", and it is impossible to determine which comes first. But compared with "father" and "mother", "examination" and "approval" have three characteristics. First, "Kao" and "Ban" are more elegant and have strong written language. Second, "test" refers to parents, which has experienced a development process in the sense. Later, "test" and "class" still mean the deceased parents. Third, "Kao" and "Yao" can refer to the ancestors of deceased men and women. For example, grandfather's name is Zukao, grandmother's name is Zukao, great-grandfather's name is Gao-great-grandfather, and great-grandmother's name is Yao-great-grandfather. It is only used in solemn occasions such as funeral and sweeping.

1. Names of fathers in written language: Jun, my late father, Yan, Jia Zun, Gong, Jia Gong, and Chun Ting. In written language, mother is called "affection", "affection" and "affection".

2. The appellation of father in spoken language: "Dad". "Guangya Qin Shi" "Dad, Dad also." Call it "Ye" or "Ye". "Pian Yu Fu Bu" said, "Ye Su is the father, Ye Zi." "Ye" is a common title for father in ancient Chinese spoken language. In today's Chinese vocabulary, there are still movable words such as "Ye Er's son" and "Ye's son" as common spoken words. Call it "dad" and "Weng" The appellation of mother in spoken language: called "mother" and "mother"; The "mother, mother and wife" in Guangya Divorce are called "mother", "woman", "ai", "laurel" and "horse".

(3) the appellation of husband and wife: the appellation of "husband" is: there was "jun" in pre-Qin; There were "Qing" and "Lang" in Han and Tang Dynasties; Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, such as "xianggong", "official" and "Lord"; In addition, there are "Zhang Ren" and "Tian". These appellations all show that men have noble status and absolute power. The appellations of "wife" are: wife (person), bitch, stupid wife, cheap wife, cheap wife, mountain wife, widowed wife, Jing wife and so on. The self-declaration of "wife" is as follows: "concubine" in pre-Qin period; After the Song Dynasty, "slave", "slave family" and "concubine" appeared, which were originally used to refer to slaves. This kind of appellation begins with a discriminatory morpheme, and men's sense of superiority and contempt for women are self-evident. Addresses introduced by modern couples: In modern times, when a husband introduces his wife, most of them are modest titles, such as "Tang Ke", "in the house", "cooking", "daughter-in-law", "my home", "wife" and "cooking", while when a wife introduces her husband, she often says "my husband" and "my husband". The actual identity of "wife" is exposed in the address of husband. In her eyes, the wife is only an accessory, but in her eyes, the husband is the head of the family and the dependence of the family. Fourth, the title of polygamy: generally speaking, wife refers to the original wife, the first wife, the first wife, the first wife and so on; Concubines are called "little wife", "little star", "wing room", "wing room", "like a lady", "like a gentleman", "close" and "around people". There was also "Ai" (a woman who came to marry) in the Spring and Autumn Period. These complicated titles only apply to women. When a man loses his spouse, he can remarry. This is called "following the house" and "mending the house".

(D) The ancient name for friends: "Su", pure and simple. The classic Laozi is "plain and simple." This refers to sincere and simple friends with pure friendship; Winning friends is called "winning" when things are superior and beautiful, such as scenic spots and historical sites and physical victory. This refers to talented friends or prestigious friends; The dead friend "died" and "lost his life." As opposed to "life". Here refers to friends who have a deep friendship and will not lose their lives; You Shi: The original meaning of "stone" is stone, which means hard and firm. This refers to friends whose friendship is unbreakable and rock-solid; Afraid of friends: "afraid", convinced. This refers to a friend with a very heavy personality; Face friend "face", the appearance and surface of an object. Here refers to friends who are not sincere and close to each other; Bad friends are friends who are harmful to themselves; A netizen is a "net", exhorting. Here refers to friends who can speak frankly and persuade each other; Hold friends "hold", friends, best friends, which refers to like-minded friends; Foreign friends outside the party, that is, foreign soil, refer to the way of monks. This refers to friendship with monks and Taoists.

(5) The appellation of ancient emperors: Generally speaking, it can be divided into two categories, one is modest appellation, that is, claiming to be the emperor, and the other is respectful appellation, that is, the appellation of the subjects and the people to the emperor. First, modesty: for a person; Give it to that boy; Joint; Living alone; I am a widow; There is no second, your respectful name: your majesty; Ninth five-year plan; South; Beichen; Long Yan; Long live; Sacred.

(6) The main names of ancient trading intermediaries: exorcists, dentists, brokers and brokers.